00662nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245011900055210006900174260000900243300001400252490000700266653001400273653001700287653001300304653001500317653000900332100002100341700002000362856007400382       2004                        eng d  a0013-874600aCricket Song in Sympatry: Species Specificity of Song without Reproductive Character Displacement inGryllus rubens0 aCricket Song in Sympatry Species Specificity of Song without Rep  cJuly  a831–8370 v9710abehaviour10abioacoustics10acrickets10aorthoptera10asong1 aIzzo, Amanda, S.1 aGray, David, A.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097%5B0831:CSISSS%5D2.0.CO;201773nas a2200205   4500008004100000245018400041210006900225260001000294300001300304490000600317520110800323653001101431653001401442653001301456653001101469653001101480653001201491100001601503856004801519       2004                        eng d00aEcosystem Approach to Rapid Health Assessments among Indigenous Cultures in Degraded Tropical Rainforest Environments: Case Study of Unexplained Deaths among the Secoya of Ecuador0 aEcosystem Approach to Rapid Health Assessments among Indigenous   cMarch  a86–1000 v13 aLarge-scale economically-driven encroachments into tropical rainforest environments are major factors for disease emergence. A better understanding of the process of disease emergence can be best derived from a multilevel, transdisciplinary ecosystem approach that analyzes health data in its biological, ecological, social, and cultural context. Multiple methods, including ethnographic techniques, are recommended for such an approach. The value of this approach and methodology is presented in this article through a rapid health assessment case study of an unexplained fatal syndrome that occurred among the Secoya peoples of the Ecuadorian Amazon in 1999. This type of study is significant given the lack of health data for indigenous populations at risk of disease emergence. Moreover, indigenous cultures share a long-term, close relationship to the land and each other, which makes information about changes in their environment and health patterns highly salient to them. This local knowledge is of strategic value to researchers working on issues of environmental change and disease emergence.10aamazon10achernobyl10adiseases10ahealth10asecoya10atropics1 aRiach, Jame  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-004-0007-801250nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001300041245010100054210006900155260001300224300001600237490000700253520061200260653000800872653001700880653001900897653001300916653001400929653001500943653002300958856005100981       2004                        eng d  a0031320300aClassification of bioacoustic time series based on the combination of global and local decisions0 aClassification of bioacoustic time series based on the combinati  cDecember  a2293–23050 v373 aAutomated classification of cricket songs from Thailand and Ecuador is the topic of this study. For this, the locations of pulses are determined and different features in the time and the frequency domain are extracted automatically from the time series. For the categorization of the sound patterns these features are combined through data fusion, temporal fusion and decision fusion. Local features and global features are distinguished. For the classification a fuzzy- k -nearest-neighbour classifier was used. Classification results for a data set containing songs of 28 different species are presented.10aasr10abioacoustics10aclassification10acrickets10adatabases10aorthoptera10asound\_recognition  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2004.04.00401523nas a2200205   4500008004100000245007400041210007100115260001300186300001600199490000800215520093200223653001501155653001801170653001301188653001501201100001401216700001901230700002301249856004501272       2004                        eng d00aExtreme repeated mating as a counter–adaptation to sexual conflict?0 aExtreme repeated mating as a counter–adaptation to sexual confli  cDecember  aS402–S4040 v2713 a10.1098/rsbl.2004.0198 The Australian scaly cricket, , can copulate over 50 times with the same partner; the benefits of such extreme repeated copulation are unclear. We support the hypothesis that repeated copulation increases insemination success, as the number of sperm transferred increases with each spermatophore. This probably increases paternity for males, as on average a female mates with over 40 males. Despite intense sperm competition each ejaculate has only a few hundred sperm, orders of magnitude less than in related crickets. We show that all sperm are transferred from each spermatophore in the few seconds before a female removes and eats it. Repeated copulation increases effective copulation duration while a small ejaculate ensures that this strategy is not excessively costly. Thus repeated copulation in these crickets may have arisen as a counter–adaptation to female–imposed limits on copulation.10acopulation10amogoplistinae10aornebius10aorthoptera1 aLaird, G.1 aGwynne, D., T.1 aAndrade, M., C. B.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.019801715nas a2200217   4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001400229490000700243520106500250653001401315653000801329653001701337653001701354653001901371653001501390653001701405100002101422700001301443856004101456       2004                        eng d00aAutomated identification of field-recorded songs of four British grasshoppers using bioacoustic signal recognition0 aAutomated identification of fieldrecorded songs of four British   a319–3300 v943 aRecognition of Orthoptera species by means of their song is widely used in field work but requires expertise. It is now possible to develop computer-based systems to achieve the same task with a number of advantages including continuous long term unattended operation and automatic species logging. The system described here achieves automated discrimination between different species by utilizing a novel time domain signal coding technique and an artificial neural network. The system has previously been shown to recognize 25 species of British Orthoptera with 99% accuracy for good quality sounds. This paper tests the system on field recordings of four species of grasshopper in northern England in 2002 and shows that it is capable of not only correctly recognizing the target species under a range of acoustic conditions but also of recognizing other sounds such as birds and man-made sounds. Recognition accuracies for the four species of typically 70&\#8211;100% are obtained for field recordings with varying sound intensities and background signals.10aacoustics10aasr10abioacoustics10agrasshoppers10aidentification10aorthoptera10astridulation1 aChesmore, E., D.1 aOhya, E.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BER200430602078nas a2200181   4500008004100000245005800041210005800099260001300157300001400170520157700184653001401761653000801775653001501783653001201798100002101810700001501831856005001846       2004                        eng d00aExtracting tactical information from acoustic signals0 aExtracting tactical information from acoustic signals  cDecember  a149–1533 aSmart acoustic sensor systems can be deployed for the automatic detection, localization, classification and tracking of military activities, which are inherently noisy. Acoustic sensors are appealing because they are passive, affordable, robust. and compact. Also, the propagation of sound energy is not limited by obstacles, which block or obscure the clear line of sight that is required for the effective operation of electromagnetic systems. Methods, with examples, for extracting tactical information from acoustic signals emitted by moving sources (air and ground vehicles) are provided for both single sensor and multiple sensor configurations. The methods are based on processing either the narrowband or broadband spectral components of the source's acoustic signature. For example, the tactical information extracted by narrowband processing of single sensor data for a moving source is the source speed, slant range and time at the closest point of approach, as well as the source (or rest) frequency of the narrowband signal. For an array of sensors, the tactical information consists of estimates of a complete set of target motion parameters, which indicate the speed and trajectory of the source. Weapon firings generate acoustic impulses and supersonic projectiles generate acoustic shocks, which can be localized and classified using spatially distributed acoustic sensors. The methods developed for land-based acoustic surveillance using microphone data are also applied to hydrophone data for passive acoustic surveillance of the underwater environment.10aacoustics10aasr10amonitoring10asensors1 aFerguson, B., G.1 aLo, K., W.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2004.141745302299nas a2200253   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300001400215490000700229520153000236653002401766653001401790653001501804653000701819653001101826100002801837700002101865700002501886700002301911700002001934700002001954700002201974856004901996       2004                        eng d00aAcoustic and satellite remote sensing of blue whale seasonality and habitat in the Northeast Pacific0 aAcoustic and satellite remote sensing of blue whale seasonality   a967–9860 v513 aNortheast Pacific blue whales seasonally migrate, ranging from the waters off Central America to the Gulf of Alaska. Using acoustic and satellite remote sensing, we have continuously monitored the acoustic activity and habitat of blue whales during 1994-2000. Calling blue whales primarily aggregate off the coast of southern and central California in the late summer, coinciding with the timing of the peak euphausiid biomass, their preferred prey. The northward bloom of primary production along the coast and subsequent northbound movements of the blue whales are apparent in the satellite and acoustic records, respectively, with the calling blue whales moving north along the Oregon and Washington coasts to a secondary foraging area with high primary productivity off Vancouver Island in the late fall. El Nio conditions, indicated by elevated sea-surface temperature and depressed regional chlorophyll-a concentrations, are apparent in the satellite records, particularly in the Southern California Bight during 1997/1998. These conditions disrupt biological production and alter the presence of calling blue whales in primary feeding locations. Remote sensing using acoustics is well suited to characterizing the seasonal movements and relative abundance of the northeast Pacific blue whales, and remote sensing using satellites allows for monitoring their habitat. These technologies are invaluable because of their ability to provide continuous large-scale spatial and temporal coverage of the blue whale migration.10aacoustic-monitoring10amigration10amonitoring10ars10awhales1 aBurtenshaw, Jessica, C.1 aOleson, Erin, M.1 aHildebrand, John, A.1 aMcdonald, Mark, A.1 aAndrew, Rex, K.1 aHowe, Bruce, M.1 aMercer, James, A.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.02001064nas a2200181   4500008004100000022001400041245006700055210006700122260001000189300001400199490000700213520056500220653001800785653000700803653001100810100001500821856004600836       2004                        eng d  a0018-944800aOuter Bounds on the Capacity of Gaussian Interference Channels0 aOuter Bounds on the Capacity of Gaussian Interference Channels  cMarch  a581–5860 v503 aTwo outer bounds on the capacity region of the two-user Gaussian interference channel (IFC) are derived. The idea of the first bound is to let a genie give each receiver just enough information to decode both messages. This bound unifies and improves the best known outer bounds of Sato and Carleial. Furthermore, the bound extends to discrete memoryless IFCs and is shown to be equivalent to another bound of Carleial. The second bound follows directly from existing results of Costa and Sato and possesses certain optimality properties for weak interference.10acommunication10ait10atheory1 aKramer, G.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2004.82524903116nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001300041245015000054210006900204260001000273300001400283490000700297520237700304653001202681653001802693653001102711653001702722100002202739700002502761700002402786700002302810856005302833       2004                        eng d  a0377839800aEnvironmental and biological effects on the stable isotope composition of recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the western Mediterranean Sea0 aEnvironmental and biological effects on the stable isotope compo  cApril  a129–1520 v513 aThe influence of microhabitat, organic matter flux, and metabolism on the stable oxygen and carbon isotope composition of live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead (empty tests) deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Gulf of Lions (western Mediterranean Sea) have been studied. The total range of observed foraminiferal isotope values exceeds 1.0‰ for δ 18 O and 2.2‰ for δ 13 C demonstrating a wide range of coexisting disequilibria relative to δ 18 O of equilibrium calcite ( δ 18 O EQ ) and δ 13 C of bottom water dissolved inorganic carbon ( δ 13 C DIC ). The mean δ 18 O values reveal strongest disequilibria for the studied epifaunal to shallow infaunal species ( Cibicidoides pachydermus , Uvigerina mediterranea , Uvigerina peregrina ) while values approach equilibrium in deep infaunal species ( Globobulimina affinis , Globobulimina pseudospinescens ). The mean δ 13 C values decrease with increasing average living depths of the different species, thus reflecting a dominant microhabitat (pore water) signal. At the axis of the Lacaze-Duthier Canyon a minimum δ 13 C DIC pore water gradient of approximately −2.1‰ is assessed for the upper 6 cm of the surface sediment. Although live individuals of U. mediterranea were found in different depth intervals their mean δ 13 C values are consistent with calcification at an average living depth around 1 cm. The deep infaunal occurrence of U. mediterranea specimens suggests association with macrofaunal burrows creating a microenvironment with geochemical characteristics similar to the topmost centimeter. This also explains the excellent agreement between stable isotope signals of live and dead individuals. The ontogenetic enrichment in both δ 18 O and δ 13 C values of U. mediterranea suggests a slow-down of metabolic rates during test growth similar to that previously observed in planktic foraminifera. Enhanced organic carbon fluxes and higher proportion of resuspended terrestrial organic material at the canyon axis are reflected by δ 13 C values of U. mediterranea on average 0.58‰ lower than those from the open slope. These results demonstrate the general applicability of the δ 13 C signal of this species for the reconstruction of past organic matter fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea. Further studies on live specimens are needed for a more quantitative paleoceanographic approach.10ahabitat10ainvertebrates10amarine10amicrohabitat1 aSchmiedl, Gerhard1 aPfeilsticker, Martin1 aHemleben, Christoph1 aMackensen, Andreas  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2003.10.00100659nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245017800055210006900233260000800302300001400310490000700324653001200331653001200343653001800355653001700373100002000390700001800410856003700428       2004                        eng d  a0278-037200aMICROHABITAT USE BY THE SOLDIER CRAB MICTYRIS BREVIDACTYLUS (BRACHYURA: MICTYRIDAE): INTERCHANGEABILITY OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FEEDING THROUGH BURROW STRUCTURE ALTERATION0 aMICROHABITAT USE BY THE SOLDIER CRAB MICTYRIS BREVIDACTYLUS BRAC  cMay  a327–3390 v2410aecology10ahabitat10ainvertebrates10amicrohabitat1 aTakeda, Satoshi1 aMurai, Minoru  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1651/C-2436