01487nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245003500055210003400090260003700124300001600161490000700177520099900184653001401183653001301197653001201210100001801222700001501240856003801255       2008                        eng d  a1087-015600aNext-generation DNA sequencing0 aNextgeneration DNA sequencing  bNature Publishing GroupcOctober  a1135–11450 v263 aDNA sequence represents a single format onto which a broad range of biological phenomena can be projected for high-throughput data collection. Over the past three years, massively parallel DNA sequencing platforms have become widely available, reducing the cost of DNA sequencing by over two orders of magnitude, and democratizing the field by putting the sequencing capacity of a major genome center in the hands of individual investigators. These new technologies are rapidly evolving, and near-term challenges include the development of robust protocols for generating sequencing libraries, building effective new approaches to data-analysis, and often a rethinking of experimental design. Next-generation DNA sequencing has the potential to dramatically accelerate biological and biomedical research, by enabling the comprehensive analysis of genomes, transcriptomes and interactomes to become inexpensive, routine and widespread, rather than requiring significant production-scale efforts.10abarcoding10agenetics10amethods1 aShendure, Jay1 aJi, Hanlee  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt148601960nas a2200193   4500008004100000245014000041210006900181260001100250300001600261490000800277520133100285653001401616653001301630653001201643653001501655100002601670700002501696856004501721       2005                        eng d00aProblems with mitochondrial DNA as a marker in population, phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies: the effects of inherited symbionts0 aProblems with mitochondrial DNA as a marker in population phylog  cAugust  a1525–15340 v2723 a10.1098/rspb.2005.3056 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been a marker of choice for reconstructing historical patterns of population demography, admixture, biogeography and speciation. However, it has recently been suggested that the pervasive nature of direct and indirect selection on this molecule renders any conclusion derived from it ambiguous. We review here the evidence for indirect selection on mtDNA in arthropods arising from linkage disequilibrium with maternally inherited symbionts. We note first that these symbionts are very common in arthropods and then review studies that reveal the extent to which they shape mtDNA evolution. mtDNA diversity patterns are compatible with neutral expectations for an uninfected population in only 2 of 19 cases. The remaining 17 studies revealed cases of symbiont-driven reduction in mtDNA diversity, symbiont-driven increases in diversity, symbiont-driven changes in mtDNA variation over space and symbiont-associated paraphyly of mtDNA. We therefore conclude that these elements often confound the inference of an organism's evolutionary history from mtDNA data and that mtDNA on its own is an unsuitable marker for the study of recent historical events in arthropods. We also discuss the impact of these studies on the current programme of taxonomy based on DNA bar-coding.10abarcoding10agenetics10alaupala10aorthoptera1 aHurst, Gregory, D. D.1 aJiggins, Francis, M.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3056