@article {Ehrlich2008Where,
	title = {Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {105},
	number = {Supplement 1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {August},
	pages = {11579{\textendash}11586},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0801911105 The threats to the future of biodiversity are many and well known. They include habitat conversion, environmental toxification, climate change, and direct exploitation of wildlife, among others. Moreover, the projected addition of 2.6 billion people by mid-century will almost certainly have a greater environmental impact than that of the last 2.6 billion. Collectively, these trends portend a grim future for biodiversity under a business-as-usual scenario. These threats and their interactions are formidable, but we review seven strategies that, if implemented soundly and scaled up dramatically, would preserve a substantial portion of global biodiversity. These are actions to stabilize the human population and reduce its material consumption, the deployment of endowment funds and other strategies to ensure the efficacy and permanence of conservation areas, steps to make human-dominated landscapes hospitable to biodiversity, measures to account for the economic costs of habitat degradation, the ecological reclamation of degraded lands and repatriation of extirpated species, the education and empowerment of people in the rural tropics, and the fundamental transformation of human attitudes about nature. Like the carbon {\^a}stabilization wedges{\^a} outlined by Pacala and Socolow [Pacala S, Socolow R (2004) Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. 305:968{\^a}972] (), the science and technologies needed to effect this vision already exist. The remaining challenges are largely social, political, and economic. Although academic conservation biology still has an important role to play in developing technical tools and knowledge, success at this juncture hinges more on a massive mobilization of effort to do things that have traditionally been outside the scope of the discipline.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, science-policy},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0801911105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801911105},
	author = {Ehrlich, Paul R. and Pringle, Robert M.}
}
@article {ODwyer2009Integrative,
	title = {An integrative framework for stochastic, size-structured community assembly},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {106},
	number = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {April},
	pages = {6170{\textendash}6175},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0813041106 We present a theoretical framework to describe stochastic, size-structured community assembly, and use this framework to make community-level ecological predictions. Our model can be thought of as adding biological realism to Neutral Biodiversity Theory by incorporating size variation and growth dynamics, and allowing demographic rates to depend on the sizes of individuals. We find that the species abundance distribution (SAD) is insensitive to the details of the size structure in our model, demonstrating that the SAD is a poor indicator of size-dependent processes. We also derive the species biomass distribution (SBD) and find that the form of the SBD depends on the underlying size structure. This leads to a prescription for testing multiple, intertwined ecological predictions of the model, and provides evidence that alternatives to the traditional SAD are more closely tied to certain ecological processes. Finally, we describe how our framework may be extended to make predictions for more general types of community structure.},
	keywords = {assembly, communities, ecology, populations, theory},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0813041106},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813041106},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Dwyer, J. P. and Lake, J. K. and Ostling, A. and Savage, V. M. and Green, J. L.}
}
@article {Shaw2009Genomic,
	title = {Genomic linkage of male song and female acoustic preference QTL underlying a rapid species radiation},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {106},
	number = {24},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June},
	pages = {9737{\textendash}9742},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0900229106 The genetic coupling hypothesis of signal-preference evolution, whereby the same genes control male signal and female preference for that signal, was first inspired by the evolution of cricket acoustic communication nearly 50 years ago. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the genomic location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying male song and female acoustic preference variation in the Hawaiian cricket genus . We document a QTL underlying female acoustic preference variation between 2 closely related species ( and ). This preference QTL colocalizes with a song QTL identified previously, providing compelling evidence for a genomic linkage of the genes underlying these traits. We show that both song and preference QTL make small to moderate contributions to the behavioral difference between species, suggesting that divergence in mating behavior among species is due to the fixation of many genes of minor effect. The diversity of acoustic signaling systems in crickets exemplifies the evolution of elaborate male displays by sexual selection through female choice. Our data reveal genetic conditions that would enable functional coordination between song and acoustic preference divergence during speciation, resulting in a behaviorally coupled mode of signal-preference evolution. Interestingly, exhibits one of the fastest rates of speciation in animals, concomitant with equally rapid evolution in sexual signaling behaviors. Genomic linkage may facilitate rapid speciation by contributing to genetic correlations between sexual signaling behaviors that eventually cause sexual isolation between diverging populations.},
	keywords = {bioacoustics, crickets, evolution, orthopera, radiation, song},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0900229106},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900229106},
	author = {Shaw, Kerry L. and Lesnick, Sky C.}
}
@article {Kirschel2009Character,
	title = {Character displacement of song and morphology in African tinkerbirds},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {106},
	number = {20},
	year = {2009},
	month = {May},
	pages = {8256{\textendash}8261},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0810124106 Divergence in acoustic signals between populations of animals can lead to species recognition failure, reproductive isolation, and speciation. Character displacement may facilitate coexistence of species in natural communities, yet evidence for character displacement in acoustic signals is scant. Here, we find evidence of character displacement in song as well as body size and bill size of 2 related African tinkerbirds. Playback experiments indicate that related species{\textquoteright} songs are perceived differently in sympatry than in allopatry. We suggest character displacement occurs in phenotypic traits facilitating species recognition, which has important implications for understanding the processes that lead to speciation and diversification. Because many of the sites where the 2 species coexist are areas where pristine rainforest has been degraded, results also suggest that anthropogenic pressures resulting from deforestation may be a contributing cause of character displacement in these species.},
	keywords = {bioacoustics, birds, character-displacement, evolution, songs},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0810124106},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810124106},
	author = {Kirschel, Alexander N. G. and Blumstein, Daniel T. and Smith, Thomas B.}
}
@article {Barlow2007Quantifying,
	title = {Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {104},
	number = {47},
	year = {2007},
	month = {November},
	pages = {18555{\textendash}18560},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0703333104 Biodiversity loss from deforestation may be partly offset by the expansion of secondary forests and plantation forestry in the tropics. However, our current knowledge of the value of these habitats for biodiversity conservation is limited to very few taxa, and many studies are severely confounded by methodological shortcomings. We examined the conservation value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests for 15 taxonomic groups using a robust and replicated sample design that minimized edge effects. Different taxa varied markedly in their response to patterns of land use in terms of species richness and the percentage of species restricted to primary forest (varying from 5\% to 57\%), yet almost all between-forest comparisons showed marked differences in community structure and composition. Cross-taxon congruence in response patterns was very weak when evaluated using abundance or species richness data, but much stronger when using metrics based upon community similarity. Our results show that, whereas the biodiversity indicator group concept may hold some validity for several taxa that are frequently sampled (such as birds and fruit-feeding butterflies), it fails for those exhibiting highly idiosyncratic responses to tropical land-use change (including highly vagile species groups such as bats and orchid bees), highlighting the problems associated with quantifying the biodiversity value of anthropogenic habitats. Finally, although we show that areas of native regeneration and exotic tree plantations can provide complementary conservation services, we also provide clear empirical evidence demonstrating the irreplaceable value of primary forests.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, course, monitoring, rainforest, tropi, tropical-ecology, tropics},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0703333104},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703333104},
	author = {Barlow, J. and Gardner, T. A. and Araujo, I. S. and {\'A}vila-Pires, T. C. and Bonaldo, A. B. and Costa, J. E. and Esposito, M. C. and Ferreira, L. V. and Hawes, J. and Hernandez, M. I. M. and Hoogmoed, M. S. and Leite, R. N. and Lo-Man-Hung, N. F. and Malcolm, J. R. and Martins, M. B. and Mestre, L. A. M. and Miranda-Santos, R. and Nunes-Gutjahr, A. L. and Overal, W. L. and Parry, L. and Peters, S. L. and Ribeiro-Junior, M. A. and da Silva, M. N. F. and da Silva Motta, C. and Peres, C. A.}
}
@article {Wiens2009Niches,
	title = {Niches, models, and climate change: Assessing the assumptions and uncertainties},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {106},
	number = {Supplement 2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {November},
	pages = {19729{\textendash}19736},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0901639106 As the rate and magnitude of climate change accelerate, understanding the consequences becomes increasingly important. Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current ecological niche constraints are used to project future species distributions. These models contain assumptions that add to the uncertainty in model projections stemming from the structure of the models, the algorithms used to translate niche associations into distributional probabilities, the quality and quantity of data, and mismatches between the scales of modeling and data. We illustrate the application of SDMs using two climate models and two distributional algorithms, together with information on distributional shifts in vegetation types, to project fine-scale future distributions of 60 California landbird species. Most species are projected to decrease in distribution by 2070. Changes in total species richness vary over the state, with large losses of species in some {\textquotedblright} hotspots{\textquotedblright} of vulnerability. Differences in distributional shifts among species will change species co-occurrences, creating spatial variation in similarities between current and future assemblages. We use these analyses to consider how assumptions can be addressed and uncertainties reduced. SDMs can provide a useful way to incorporate future conditions into conservation and management practices and decisions, but the uncertainties of model projections must be balanced with the risks of taking the wrong actions or the costs of inaction. Doing this will require that the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty are documented, and that conservationists and resource managers be willing to act despite the uncertainties. The alternative, of ignoring the future, is not an option.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, climate, climate-change, conservation, models, sdms},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0901639106},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901639106},
	author = {Wiens, John A. and Stralberg, Diana and Jongsomjit, Dennis and Howell, Christine A. and Snyder, Mark A.}
}
@article {Egevang2010Tracking,
	title = {Tracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest animal migration},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	year = {2010},
	month = {January},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0909493107 The study of long-distance migration provides insights into the habits and performance of organisms at the limit of their physical abilities. The Arctic tern is the epitome of such behavior; despite its small size (<125 g), banding recoveries and at-sea surveys suggest that its annual migration from boreal and high Arctic breeding grounds to the Southern Ocean may be the longest seasonal movement of any animal. Our tracking of 11 Arctic terns fitted with miniature (1.4-g) geolocators revealed that these birds do indeed travel huge distances (more than 80,000 km annually for some individuals). As well as confirming the location of the main wintering region, we also identified a previously unknown oceanic stopover area in the North Atlantic used by birds from at least two breeding populations (from Greenland and Iceland). Although birds from the same colony took one of two alternative southbound migration routes following the African or South American coast, all returned on a broadly similar, sigmoidal trajectory, crossing from east to west in the Atlantic in the region of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone. Arctic terns clearly target regions of high marine productivity both as stopover and wintering areas, and exploit prevailing global wind systems to reduce flight costs on long-distance commutes.},
	keywords = {migration, migratory-birds, satellite-telemetry, seabirds, tracking},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0909493107},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909493107},
	author = {Egevang, Carsten and Stenhouse, Iain J. and Phillips, Richard A. and Petersen, Aevar and Fox, James W. and Silk, Janet R. D.}
}
@article {Davis2010Consumptionbased,
	title = {Consumption-based accounting of CO2 emissions},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {107},
	number = {12},
	year = {2010},
	month = {March},
	pages = {5687{\textendash}5692},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0906974107 CO emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are the primary cause of global warming. Much attention has been focused on the CO directly emitted by each country, but relatively little attention has been paid to the amount of emissions associated with the consumption of goods and services in each country. Consumption-based accounting of CO emissions differs from traditional, production-based inventories because of imports and exports of goods and services that, either directly or indirectly, involve CO emissions. Here, using the latest available data, we present a global consumption-based CO emissions inventory and calculations of associated consumption-based energy and carbon intensities. We find that, in 2004, 23\% of global CO emissions, or 6.2 gigatonnes CO, were traded internationally, primarily as exports from China and other emerging markets to consumers in developed countries. In some wealthy countries, including Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, the United Kingdom, and France, >30\% of consumption-based emissions were imported, with net imports to many Europeans of >4 tons CO per person in 2004. Net import of emissions to the United States in the same year was somewhat less: 10.8\% of total consumption-based emissions and 2.4 tons CO per person. In contrast, 22.5\% of the emissions produced in China in 2004 were exported, on net, to consumers elsewhere. Consumption-based accounting of CO emissions demonstrates the potential for international carbon leakage. Sharing responsibility for emissions among producers and consumers could facilitate international agreement on global climate policy that is now hindered by concerns over the regional and historical inequity of emissions.},
	keywords = {eeg, energy, fossilfuels, northsouth, sustainability},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0906974107},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906974107},
	author = {Davis, Steven J. and Caldeira, Ken}
}
