@article {Mandelik2007Reliability,
	title = {Reliability of a Higher-Taxon Approach to Richness, Rarity, and Composition Assessments at the Local Scale},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1506{\textendash}1515},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	abstract = {A promising shortcut for quantifying species patterns is to use genera and families as surrogates of species. At large spatial scales, concurrence between patterns of richness, rarity, and composition of species and higher taxa is generally high. Only a few researchers, however, have examined this relationship at the local scale, which is frequently the relevant scale in land-use conflicts. We investigated the reliability of the higher-taxon approach in assessing patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition at the local scale. We studied diversity patterns of three commonly used surrogate taxa: vascular plants, ground-dwelling beetles, and moths. We conducted year-round field surveys for these taxa in the Jerusalem Mountains and the Judean foothills, Israel. Richness and composition of species were highly correlated with richness and composition of genera for all taxa. At the family level, correlations with richness and composition of species were much lower. Excluding monotypic genera and families did not affect these relations. Rarity representation based on higher taxa varied considerably depending on the taxon, and rarity scale and was weaker compared with richness and composition representation. Cumulative richness curves of species and genera showed similar patterns, leveling off at equivalent sampling efforts. Genus-level assessments were a reliable surrogate for local patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition, but family-level assessments performed poorly. The advantage of using coarse taxonomic scales in local diversity surveys is that it may decrease identification time and the need for experts, but it will not reduce sampling effort.},
	keywords = {assessment, conservation, monitoring},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00823.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00823.x},
	author = {Mandelik, Y. A. E. L. and Dayan, Tamar and Chikatunov, Vladimir and Kravchenko, Vasiliy}
}
@article {Mandelik2005Planning,
	title = {Planning for Biodiversity: the Role of Ecological Impact Assessment},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	month = {August},
	pages = {1254{\textendash}1261},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	keywords = {conservation, eia},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00079.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00079.x},
	author = {Mandelik, Y. A. E. L. and Dayan, Tamar and Feitelson, Eran}
}
@article {Soderman2009Natura,
	title = {Natura 2000 appropriate assessment: Shortcomings and improvements in Finnish practice},
	journal = {Environmental Impact Assessment Review},
	volume = {29},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {February},
	pages = {79{\textendash}86},
	abstract = {The EU Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC requires impact assessments called Appropriate Assessments (AA) for plans and projects probably having adverse effects on the sites of European ecological importance, Natura 2000 sites. Seventy-three Appropriate Assessment reports and seventy official opinions given on them by regional environmental authorities from 1997 to 2005 were reviewed. The findings of the study demonstrate typical shortcomings of ecological impact assessment: a weak information basis for assessment outcomes and lack of proper cumulative impact assessment with respect to ecological structures and processes. The quality of reporting has improved over time with respect to direct impacts on individual habitat types and species and detailed mitigation measures. Regional environment centres considered one fifth of the AA reports to be inadequate because of lacking data. In most cases the regional environment centres demanded a change of plan or project, added mitigation measures, choice of only one alternative for further planning or a new completed assessment with additional information in order to be able to evaluate the significance of the effects. The study underlines the need for iterative planning practices in which the preparation of a plan or project with alternative options goes hand in hand with the impact assessment equipped with sufficient data.},
	keywords = {aa, conservation, ec, environemt, europe, natura2000},
	issn = {01959255},
	doi = {10.1016/j.eiar.2008.04.001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2008.04.001},
	author = {Soderman, T.}
}
@article {Lutolf2009Scenariobased,
	title = {Scenario-based assessment of future land use change on butterfly species distributions},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1329{\textendash}1347},
	abstract = {Abstract\&nbsp;\&nbsp;Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used to predict environmentally induced range shifts of habitats of plant and animal species. Consequently SDMs are valuable tools for scientifically based conservation decisions. The aims of this paper are (1) to identify important drivers of butterfly species persistence or extinction, and (2) to analyse the responses of endangered butterfly species of dry grasslands and wetlands to likely future landscape changes in Switzerland. Future land use was represented by four scenarios describing: (1) ongoing land use changes as observed at the end of the last century; (2) a liberalisation of the agricultural markets; (3) a slightly lowered agricultural production; and (4) a strongly lowered agricultural production. Two model approaches have been applied. The first (logistic regression with principal components) explains what environmental variables have significant impact on species presence (and absence). The second (predictive SDM) is used to project species distribution under current and likely future land uses. The results of the explanatory analyses reveal that four principal components related to urbanisation, abandonment of open land and intensive agricultural practices as well as two climate parameters are primary drivers of species occurrence (decline). The scenario analyses show that lowered agricultural production is likely to favour dry grassland species due to an increase of non-intensively used land, open canopy forests, and overgrown areas. In the liberalisation scenario dry grassland species show a decrease in abundance due to a strong increase of forested patches. Wetland butterfly species would decrease under all four scenarios as their habitats become overgrown.},
	keywords = {conservation, decline, extinction, extirpation, landuse},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-008-9541-y},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9541-y},
	author = {L{\"u}tolf, Michael and Bolliger, Janine and Kienast, Felix and Guisan, Antoine}
}
@article {Ehrlich2008Where,
	title = {Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {105},
	number = {Supplement 1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {August},
	pages = {11579{\textendash}11586},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0801911105 The threats to the future of biodiversity are many and well known. They include habitat conversion, environmental toxification, climate change, and direct exploitation of wildlife, among others. Moreover, the projected addition of 2.6 billion people by mid-century will almost certainly have a greater environmental impact than that of the last 2.6 billion. Collectively, these trends portend a grim future for biodiversity under a business-as-usual scenario. These threats and their interactions are formidable, but we review seven strategies that, if implemented soundly and scaled up dramatically, would preserve a substantial portion of global biodiversity. These are actions to stabilize the human population and reduce its material consumption, the deployment of endowment funds and other strategies to ensure the efficacy and permanence of conservation areas, steps to make human-dominated landscapes hospitable to biodiversity, measures to account for the economic costs of habitat degradation, the ecological reclamation of degraded lands and repatriation of extirpated species, the education and empowerment of people in the rural tropics, and the fundamental transformation of human attitudes about nature. Like the carbon {\^a}stabilization wedges{\^a} outlined by Pacala and Socolow [Pacala S, Socolow R (2004) Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. 305:968{\^a}972] (), the science and technologies needed to effect this vision already exist. The remaining challenges are largely social, political, and economic. Although academic conservation biology still has an important role to play in developing technical tools and knowledge, success at this juncture hinges more on a massive mobilization of effort to do things that have traditionally been outside the scope of the discipline.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, science-policy},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0801911105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801911105},
	author = {Ehrlich, Paul R. and Pringle, Robert M.}
}
@article {Good2009Social,
	title = {Social tagging in the life sciences: characterizing a new metadata resource for bioinformatics},
	journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {313+},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND:Academic social tagging systems, such as Connotea and CiteULike, provide researchers with a means to organize personal collections of online references with keywords (tags) and to share these collections with others. One of the side-effects of the operation of these systems is the generation of large, publicly accessible metadata repositories describing the resources in the collections. In light of the well-known expansion of information in the life sciences and the need for metadata to enhance its value, these repositories present a potentially valuable new resource for application developers. Here we characterize the current contents of two scientifically relevant metadata repositories created through social tagging. This investigation helps to establish how such socially constructed metadata might be used as it stands currently and to suggest ways that new social tagging systems might be designed that would yield better aggregate products.RESULTS:We assessed the metadata that users of CiteULike and Connotea associated with citations in PubMed with the following metrics: coverage of the document space, density of metadata (tags) per document, rates of inter-annotator agreement, and rates of agreement with MeSH indexing. CiteULike and Connotea were very similar on all of the measurements. In comparison to PubMed, document coverage and per-document metadata density were much lower for the social tagging systems. Inter-annotator agreement within the social tagging systems and the agreement between the aggregated social tagging metadata and MeSH indexing was low though the latter could be increased through voting.CONCLUSION:The most promising uses of metadata from current academic social tagging repositories will be those that find ways to utilize the novel relationships between users, tags, and documents exposed through these systems. For more traditional kinds of indexing-based applications (such as keyword-based search) to benefit substantially from socially generated metadata in the life sciences, more documents need to be tagged and more tags are needed for each document. These issues may be addressed both by finding ways to attract more users to current systems and by creating new user interfaces that encourage more collectively useful individual tagging behaviour.},
	keywords = {bioinformatics, conservation, databases, tagging},
	issn = {1471-2105},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2105-10-313},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-313},
	author = {Good, Benjamin and Tennis, Joseph and Wilkinson, Mark}
}
@article {Brosius2006Common,
	title = {Common Ground between Anthropology and Conservation Biology},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {June},
	pages = {683{\textendash}685},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	keywords = {anthropology, conservation, landrights},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00463.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00463.x},
	author = {Brosius, Peter J.}
}
@article {Benayas2009Enhancement,
	title = {Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {325},
	number = {5944},
	year = {2009},
	month = {August},
	pages = {1121{\textendash}1124},
	abstract = {Ecological restoration is widely used to reverse the environmental degradation caused by human activities. However, the effectiveness of restoration actions in increasing provision of both biodiversity and ecosystem services has not been evaluated systematically. A meta-analysis of 89 restoration assessments in a wide range of ecosystem types across the globe indicates that ecological restoration increased provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services by 44 and 25\%, respectively. However, values of both remained lower in restored versus intact reference ecosystems. Increases in biodiversity and ecosystem service measures after restoration were positively correlated. Results indicate that restoration actions focused on enhancing biodiversity should support increased provision of ecosystem services, particularly in tropical terrestrial biomes. 10.1126/science.1172460},
	keywords = {conservation, rainforest, restoration},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1172460},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1172460},
	author = {Benayas, Jose M. and Newton, Adrian C. and Diaz, Anita and Bullock, James M.}
}
@article {RidderQuestioning,
	title = {Questioning the ecosystem services argument for biodiversity conservation},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	year = {Submitted},
	abstract = {Abstract\&nbsp;\&nbsp;One of the central justifications for the conservation of biodiversity is the notion that species diversity is essential for the maintenance of ecosystem services. However, an important observation overlooked by proponents of this argument is that most ecosystem services are provided not by whole ecosystems, but by any group of species that fulfils certain basic functional criteria. Distinguishing between services that are resilient in response to species decline, and those that are not, is a far less challenging task than identifying the precise influence on ecosystem functioning of rare species. Conservationists have been almost unanimous in their failure to acknowledge this distinction between resilient and sensitive ecosystem services. Not only does this threaten the credibility of conservation science, but also increases the likelihood that natural area management becomes hijacked by the demand that ecosystem service provision be made the dominant management criteria.},
	keywords = {arguments, biodiversity, conservation, utilitarianism},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-008-9316-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9316-5},
	author = {Ridder, Ben}
}
@article {Rockstrom2009Safe,
	title = {A safe operating space for humanity},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {461},
	number = {7263},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {472{\textendash}475},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	abstract = {Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human activities from causing unacceptable environmental change, argue Johan Rockstr{\"o}m and colleagues.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, course, ecology, tippingpoints},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/461472a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/461472a},
	author = {Rockstrom, Johan and Steffen, Will and Noone, Kevin and Persson, Asa and Chapin, F. Stuart and Lambin, Eric F. and Lenton, Timothy M. and Scheffer, Marten and Folke, Carl and Schellnhuber, Hans J. and Nykvist, Bjorn and de Wit, Cynthia A. and Hughes, Terry and van der Leeuw, Sander and Rodhe, Henning and Sorlin, Sverker and Snyder, Peter K. and Costanza, Robert and Svedin, Uno and Falkenmark, Malin and Karlberg, Louise and Corell, Robert W. and Fabry, Victoria J. and Hansen, James and Walker, Brian and Liverman, Diana and Richardson, Katherine and Crutzen, Paul and Foley, Jonathan A.}
}
@article {Sala2000Global,
	title = {Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100\&nbsp;},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {287},
	number = {5459},
	year = {2000},
	month = {March},
	pages = {1770{\textendash}1774},
	abstract = {10.1126/science.287.5459.1770},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, ecology, scenarios},
	doi = {10.1126/science.287.5459.1770},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770},
	author = {Sala, Osvaldo E. and Chapin, F. Stuart and Armesto, Juan J. and Berlow, Eric and Bloomfield, Janine and Dirzo, Rodolfo and Huber-Sanwald, Elisabeth and Huenneke, Laura F. and Jackson, Robert B. and Kinzig, Ann and Leemans, Rik and Lodge, David M. and Mooney, Harold A. and Oesterheld, Mart\&iacute;n and Poff, N. LeRoy and Sykes, Martin T. and Walker, Brian H. and Walker, Marilyn and Wall, Diana H.}
}
@article {Ostrom2009General,
	title = {A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {325},
	number = {5939},
	year = {2009},
	month = {July},
	pages = {419{\textendash}422},
	abstract = {A major problem worldwide is the potential loss of fisheries, forests, and water resources. Understanding of the processes that lead to improvements in or deterioration of natural resources is limited, because scientific disciplines use different concepts and languages to describe and explain complex social-ecological systems (SESs). Without a common framework to organize findings, isolated knowledge does not cumulate. Until recently, accepted theory has assumed that resource users will never self-organize to maintain their resources and that governments must impose solutions. Research in multiple disciplines, however, has found that some government policies accelerate resource destruction, whereas some resource users have invested their time and energy to achieve sustainability. A general framework is used to identify 10 subsystem variables that affect the likelihood of self-organization in efforts to achieve a sustainable SES. 10.1126/science.1172133},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, restoration},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1172133},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1172133},
	author = {Ostrom, Elinor}
}
@book {1994Tropical,
	title = {Tropical Trees: The Potential for Domestication and the Rebuilding of Forest Resources},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {HMSO Books},
	organization = {HMSO Books},
	keywords = {conservation, restoration, tropical-ecology, tropics},
	isbn = {0117015628},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0117015628},
	author = {{-}},
	editor = {Leakey, R. R. B. and Newton, A. C.}
}
@article {Finer2008Oil,
	title = {Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {2008},
	month = {August},
	pages = {e2932+},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {The western Amazon is the most biologically rich part of the Amazon basin and is home to a great diversity of indigenous ethnic groups, including some of the world{\textquoteright}s last uncontacted peoples living in voluntary isolation. Unlike the eastern Brazilian Amazon, it is still a largely intact ecosystem. Underlying this landscape are large reserves of oil and gas, many yet untapped. The growing global demand is leading to unprecedented exploration and development in the region.},
	keywords = {abs, amazonia, biodiversity, conservation, indigenous, oil},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0002932},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002932},
	author = {Finer, Matt and Jenkins, Clinton N. and Pimm, Stuart L. and Keane, Brian and Ross, Carl}
}
@article {McCarty2009Behavior,
	title = {Behavior of Buff-Breasted Sandpipers (Tryngites subruficollis) during Migratory Stopover in Agricultural Fields},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {4},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	month = {November},
	pages = {e8000+},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Understanding the behavior of birds in agricultural habitats can be the first step in evaluating the conservation implications of birds{\textquoteright} use of landscapes shaped by modern agriculture. The existence and magnitude of risk from agricultural practices and the quality of resources agricultural lands provide will be determined largely by how birds use these habitats. Buff-breasted Sandpipers ( Tryngites subruficollis ) are a species of conservation concern. During spring migration large numbers of Buff-breasted Sandpipers stopover in row crop fields in the Rainwater Basin region of Nebraska. We used behavioral observations as a first step in evaluating how Buff-breasted Sandpipers use crop fields during migratory stopover.},
	keywords = {behaviour, conservation, migration, migratory-birds, migratory-species},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0008000},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008000},
	author = {McCarty, John P. and Jorgensen, Joel G. and Wolfenbarger, LaReesa L.}
}
@article {Martin2007Optimal,
	title = {Optimal Conservation of Migratory Species},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {2},
	number = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {e751+},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Migratory animals comprise a significant portion of biodiversity worldwide with annual investment for their conservation exceeding several billion dollars. Designing effective conservation plans presents enormous challenges. Migratory species are influenced by multiple events across land and sea{\^a}{\texteuro} {\textquotedblright} regions that are often separated by thousands of kilometres and span international borders. To date, conservation strategies for migratory species fail to take into account how migratory animals are spatially connected between different periods of the annual cycle (i.e. migratory connectivity) bringing into question the utility and efficiency of current conservation efforts.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, migration, migratory-species},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000751},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000751},
	author = {Martin, Tara G. and Chad{\`e}s, Iadine and Arcese, Peter and Marra, Peter P. and Possingham, Hugh P. and Norris, D. Ryan}
}
@article {Wiens2009Niches,
	title = {Niches, models, and climate change: Assessing the assumptions and uncertainties},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {106},
	number = {Supplement 2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {November},
	pages = {19729{\textendash}19736},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0901639106 As the rate and magnitude of climate change accelerate, understanding the consequences becomes increasingly important. Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current ecological niche constraints are used to project future species distributions. These models contain assumptions that add to the uncertainty in model projections stemming from the structure of the models, the algorithms used to translate niche associations into distributional probabilities, the quality and quantity of data, and mismatches between the scales of modeling and data. We illustrate the application of SDMs using two climate models and two distributional algorithms, together with information on distributional shifts in vegetation types, to project fine-scale future distributions of 60 California landbird species. Most species are projected to decrease in distribution by 2070. Changes in total species richness vary over the state, with large losses of species in some {\textquotedblright} hotspots{\textquotedblright} of vulnerability. Differences in distributional shifts among species will change species co-occurrences, creating spatial variation in similarities between current and future assemblages. We use these analyses to consider how assumptions can be addressed and uncertainties reduced. SDMs can provide a useful way to incorporate future conditions into conservation and management practices and decisions, but the uncertainties of model projections must be balanced with the risks of taking the wrong actions or the costs of inaction. Doing this will require that the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty are documented, and that conservationists and resource managers be willing to act despite the uncertainties. The alternative, of ignoring the future, is not an option.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, climate, climate-change, conservation, models, sdms},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0901639106},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901639106},
	author = {Wiens, John A. and Stralberg, Diana and Jongsomjit, Dennis and Howell, Christine A. and Snyder, Mark A.}
}
@article {Walpole2009Tracking,
	title = {Tracking Progress Toward the 2010 Biodiversity Target and Beyond},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {325},
	number = {5947},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1503{\textendash}1504},
	abstract = {10.1126/science.1175466},
	keywords = {2010, conservation, course, science-policy},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1175466},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175466},
	author = {Walpole, Matt and Almond, Rosamunde E. A. and Besancon, Charles and Butchart, Stuart H. M. and Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid and Carr, Genevieve M. and Collen, Ben and Collette, Linda and Davidson, Nick C. and Dulloo, Ehsan and Fazel, Asghar M. and Galloway, James N. and Gill, Michael and Goverse, Tessa and Hockings, Marc and Leaman, Danna J. and Morgan, David H. W. and Revenga, Carmen and Rickwood, Carrie J. and Schutyser, Frederik and Simons, Sarah and Stattersfield, Alison J. and Tyrrell, Tristan D. and Vie, Jean-Christophe and Zimsky, Mark}
}
@article {Dealing,
	title = {Dealing With Denial},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {325},
	number = {5948},
	year = {Submitted},
	pages = {1605},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, course, ehrlich, ethics, science-policy, society},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.325\_1605a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.325\_1605a}
}
@article {Pimm2008Biodiversity,
	title = {Biodiversity: Climate Change or Habitat Loss {\textemdash} Which Will Kill More Species},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {February},
	pages = {R117{\textendash}R119},
	abstract = {Summary Habitat loss and climate change both kill off species. New studies show that the latter is a potent threat. Worse, its victims will likely be mostly those not presently threatened by habitat loss.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, climatechange, conservation, course, habitatloss, threats},
	issn = {09609822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.055},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.055},
	author = {Pimm, S.}
}
@article {Casper2009Guidelines,
	title = {Guidelines for the instrumentation of wild birds and mammals},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	volume = {78},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1477{\textendash}1483},
	keywords = {conservation, instrumentation, monitoring, newmethods, tagging},
	issn = {00033472},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.023},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.023},
	author = {Casper, Ruth M.}
}
@booklet {vanKuijk2010Effects,
	title = {Effects of Forest Certification on Biodiversity},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Tropenbos},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, forestry},
	url = {http://www.tropenbos.org/index.php/news/forestcertificationbiodiversity},
	author = {van Kuijk, M. and Putz, F. E. and Zagt, R.}
}
@article {Grainger2009Biodiversity,
	title = {Biodiversity and REDD at Copenhagen},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {21},
	year = {2009},
	month = {November},
	pages = {R974{\textendash}R976},
	abstract = {Reducing carbon emissions through slowing deforestation can benefit biodiversity best if countries implement sensible policies.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, redd},
	url = {http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(09)01776-X},
	author = {Grainger, Alan and Boucher, Douglas H. and Frumhoff, Peter C. and Laurance, William F. and Lovejoy, Thomas and McNeely, Jeffrey and Niekisch, Manfred and Raven, Peter and Sodhi, Navjot S. and Venter, Oscar and Pimm, Stuart L.}
}
@article {GarciaVasquez2009Lifehistory,
	title = {Life-history characteristics of the large Amazonian migratory catfishBrachyplatystoma rousseauxiiin the Iquitos region, Peru},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {2527{\textendash}2551},
	keywords = {amazonia, conservation, migration, migratory-fishes, protein},
	issn = {00221112},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02444.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02444.x},
	author = {Garc\'{\i}a V{\'a}squez, A. and Alonso, J. C. and Carvajal, F. and Moreau, J. and Nu{\~n}ez, J. and Renno, J. F. and Tello, S. and Montreuil, V. and Duponchelle, F.}
}
@article {Samways2009Provision,
	title = {Provision of ecosystem services by large scale corridors and ecological networks},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	year = {2009},
	month = {October},
	abstract = {Abstract\&nbsp;\&nbsp;Large scale landscape transformation and contingent habitat loss are among the greatest threats to ecological integrity and ecosystem health. One of the mitigation approaches used to deal with these pressures is to leave interconnected corridors and nodes as remnant ecological networks (ENs) within the transformed landscape. The South African forestry industry has already allocated 500,000\&nbsp;ha, one-third of the plantation holdings, consisting predominantly of natural grassland, as ENs among and within timber plantations. These ENs are intended to maintain structural, compositional and functional biodiversity. However, little scientific research is available on the effectiveness of these huge ENs for biodiversity conservation and maintenance of natural ecosystem function, although initial findings are encouraging. While the local adverse effect of alien plantation trees on functional biodiversity is not in dispute, it is at the scale of the whole landscape where there is much interest in determining how effective these ENs are in maintaining the untransformed portion of the transformed landscape in a close-to-natural state. As these ENs are extensive, species beta diversity is a consideration in addition to alpha diversity. Initial findings reveal diminished ecological integrity in narrow corridors due in part to the adverse edge effect from the alien trees into the margin of the EN. Quality of the ENs is of great importance for maintaining functional diversity, with human disturbance reducing their effectiveness. First findings, and their application to the Framework for Ecosystem Service Provision, suggest that these ENs are significant for biodiversity conservation and for provision of ecosystem services. Nevertheless, still much more research is required on a greater range of taxa, and their interactions, to improve the design of these ENs for ecological and evolutionary processes.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, networks, policy, science-policy},
	issn = {0960-3115},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-009-9715-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9715-2},
	author = {Samways, M. J. and Bazelet, C. S. and Pryke, J. S.}
}
@article {Ewers2009Do,
	title = {Do increases in agricultural yield spare land for nature?},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	month = {July},
	pages = {1716{\textendash}1726},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	address = {Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent{\textquoteright}s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03},
	abstract = {Feeding a rapidly expanding human population will require a large increase in the supply of agricultural products during the coming decades. This may lead to the transformation of many landscapes from natural vegetation cover to agricultural land use, unless increases in crop yields reduce the need for new farmland. Here, we assess the evidence that past increases in agricultural yield have spared land for wild nature. We investigated the relationship between the change in the combined energy yield of the 23 most energetically important food crops over the period 197920131999 and the change in per capita cropland area for 124 countries over the same period. Per capita area of the 23 staple crops tended to decrease in developing countries where large yield increases occurred. However, this was counteracted by a tendency for the area used to grow crops other than staples to increase in the countries where staple crop yields increased. There remained a weak tendency in developing countries for the per capita area of all cropland to decline as staple crop yield increased, a pattern that was most evident in developing countries with the highest per capita food supplies. In developed countries, there was no evidence that higher staple crop yields were associated with decreases in per capita cropland area. This may be because high agricultural subsidies in developed countries override any land-sparing pattern that might otherwise occur. Declines in the area of natural forest were smaller in countries where the yield of staple crops increased most, when the negative effects of human population increases on forest area were controlled for. Our results show that land-sparing is a weak process that occurs under a limited set of circumstances, but that it can have positive outcomes for the conservation of wild nature.},
	keywords = {agriculture, biodiversity, conservation, wilderness},
	issn = {1365-2486},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01849.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01849.x},
	author = {Ewers, Robert M. and Scharlemann, J{\"o}rn P. W. and Balmford, Andrew and Green, Rhys E.}
}
@article {Stickler2009Potential,
	title = {The potential ecological costs and cobenefits of REDD: a critical review and case study from the Amazon region},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {2803{\textendash}2824},
	address = {The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA; Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaznia, SHIN CA-5, Lote J2, Bloco J2, Brasilia-DF, CEP: 71503-505, Brazil; School of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Geograp},
	abstract = {The United Nations climate treaty may soon include a mechanism for compensating tropical nations that succeed in reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, source of nearly one fifth of global carbon emissions. We review the potential for this mechanism [reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)] to provoke ecological damages and promote ecological cobenefits. Nations could potentially participate in REDD by slowing clear-cutting of mature tropical forest, slowing or decreasing the impact of selective logging, promoting forest regeneration and restoration, and expanding tree plantations. REDD could also foster efforts to reduce the incidence of forest fire. Potential ecological costs include the accelerated loss (through displaced agricultural expansion) of low-biomass, high-conservation-value ecosystems, and substitution of low-biomass vegetation by monoculture tree plantations. These costs could be avoided through measures that protect low-biomass native ecosystems. Substantial ecological cobenefits should be conferred under most circumstances, and include the maintenance or restoration of (1) watershed functions, (2) local and regional climate regimes, (3) soils and biogeochemical processes, (4) water quality and aquatic habitat, and (5) terrestrial habitat. Some tools already being developed to monitor, report and verify (MRV) carbon emissions performance can also be used to measure other elements of ecosystem function, making development of MRV systems for ecological cobenefits a concrete possibility. Analysis of possible REDD program interventions in a large-scale Amazon landscape indicates that even modest flows of forest carbon funding can provide substantial cobenefits for aquatic ecosystems, but that the functional integrity of the landscape{\textquoteright}s myriad small watersheds would be best protected under a more even spatial distribution of forests. Because of its focus on an ecosystem service with global benefits, REDD could access a large pool of global stakeholders willing to pay to maintain carbon in forests, thereby providing a potential cascade of ecosystem services to local stakeholders who would otherwise be unable to afford them.},
	keywords = {amazon, biodiversity, co2, conservation, neotropics, redd, tropics},
	issn = {13541013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02109.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02109.x},
	author = {Stickler, Claudia M. and Nepstad, Daniel C. and Coe, Michael T. and McGRATH, David G. and Rodrigues, Hermann O. and Walker, Wayne S. and Soares-Filho, Britaldo S. and Davidson, Eric A.}
}
@article {Boero2010Study,
	title = {The Study of Species in the Era of Biodiversity: A Tale of Stupidity},
	journal = {Diversity},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {January},
	pages = {115{\textendash}126},
	abstract = {Research policies ensuing from the Convention on Biological Diversity made huge funds available to study biodiversity. These were mostly dedicated to projects aimed at providing services to taxonomy via information and technology, or to develop {\textquotedblright} modern{\textquotedblright}, i.e., molecular, approaches to taxonomy. Traditional taxonomy was overly neglected and is in serious distress all over the world. It is argued that both novel and traditional ways to study biodiversity are essential and that the demise of traditional taxonomy (based on phenotypes) in the era of biodiversity is the result of an unwise policy, mainly fostered by portions of the scientific community that aim at taking total advantage of the funds dedicated to the study of biodiversity.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, science-policy, taxonomic-impediment, taxonomy},
	issn = {1424-2818},
	doi = {10.3390/d2010115},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d2010115},
	author = {Boero, Ferdinando}
}
@article {Condor2010Multicriteria,
	title = {Multicriteria Decision Aid to support Multilateral Environmental Agreements in assessing international forestry projects},
	journal = {International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics},
	year = {2010},
	month = {April},
	abstract = {Abstract\&nbsp;\&nbsp;The three Rio Conventions{\textemdash}the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification{\textemdash}face the challenge to create synergies at different levels. The objective of this article is to describe how we have assessed synergies between the Rio Conventions at the project level in the forest sector. Since the complexity of the decision problem is high, we adopted the Multicriteria Decision Aid approach, which can provide a broad insight into the decision problem and find a compromise solution to a problem with multidimensional and conflicting criteria including social, economic and environmental features. The ELECTRE TRI model was used for assessing synergies at the project level, and has been a useful tool to quantify the performance of afforestation and reforestation projects into three categories (synergistic, reasonably synergistic, and not synergistic). For the first time, afforestation and reforestation projects have been assessed in a comprehensive way through decision criteria that reflect global and local interests using a non-compensatory multicriteria method.},
	keywords = {conservation, decision, forest, iyf, mea, reforestation, tools},
	issn = {1567-9764},
	doi = {10.1007/s10784-010-9125-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-010-9125-7},
	author = {C{\'o}ndor, Roc\'{\i}o and Scarelli, Antonino and Valentini, Riccardo}
}
@article {Laiolo2010Emerging,
	title = {The emerging significance of bioacoustics in animal species conservation},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	year = {2010},
	month = {April},
	abstract = {This review reports on the effects of human activities on animal acoustic signals published in the literature from 1970 to 2009. Almost 5\% of the studies on variation in animal communication tested or hypothesised on human impacts, and showed that habitat fragmentation, direct human disturbance, introduced diseases, urbanization, hunting, chemical and noise pollution may challenge animal acoustic behaviour. Although acoustic adaptations to anthropogenic habitats have been documented, human impacts have most often generated neutral variation or potential maladaptive responses. Negative impacts have been postulated in the sexual signals of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals; these are concerning as any maladaptive alteration of sexual behaviour may have direct bearings on breeding success and ultimately population growth rate. Acoustic communication also facilitates other vital behaviours influenced by human-driven perturbations. Bat and cetacean echolocation, for instance, is disrupted by noise pollution, whereas bird and mammal alarming is also affected by introduced diseases and hunting. Mammal social signals are sensitive to noise pollution and hunting, and birds selecting habitats by means of acoustic cues are especially vulnerable to habitat loss. Anthropogenic intervention in these cases may have a negative impact on individual survival, recruitment and group cohesion, limiting rescue-effects and triggering Allee effects. Published evidence shows that acoustic variation may be used as an early-warning indicator of perturbations even when not directly affecting individual fitness. Acoustic signalling can be studied in a broad range of ecosystems, can be recorded, analyzed, synthesised and played back with relative ease and limited economic budget, and is sensitive to many types of impacts, thus can have great conservation significance.},
	keywords = {amibio, bioacoustics, biodiversity, conservation, environment},
	issn = {00063207},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.025},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.025},
	author = {Laiolo, Paola}
}
@article {Stuart2010Barometer,
	title = {The Barometer of Life},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {328},
	number = {5975},
	year = {2010},
	month = {April},
	pages = {177+},
	abstract = {10.1126/science.1188606},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, iucn, monitoring, redlist},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1188606},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1188606},
	author = {Stuart, S. N. and Wilson, E. O. and McNeely, J. A. and Mittermeier, R. A. and Rodriguez, J. P.}
}
@article {Parton2010Ecological,
	title = {Ecological Dimensions of Biofuels: Conference and Workshop Report},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {April},
	pages = {264{\textendash}277},
	keywords = {biofuel, conservation, energy, redd},
	issn = {0012-9623},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9623-91.2.264},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-91.2.264},
	author = {Parton, William J. and Pouyat, Richard V.}
}
@article {Barron2010Metaanalysis,
	title = {Meta-analysis of transmitter effects on avian behaviour and ecology},
	journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {February},
	pages = {180{\textendash}187},
	address = {Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, 606 E. Healey Street, Champaign, IL 61821, USA},
	abstract = {1. Researchers often attach transmitters and other devices to free-living birds without a clear understanding of potential deleterious consequences to their study organisms, and thus to their data. Studies investigating this topic have generally been limited to a single species or type of device. 2. To achieve a broader understanding we used a meta-analysis of 84 studies to ask: (1) Do devices have an overall effect on birds? (2) Which aspects of avian behaviour and ecology are affected? (3) What attributes of birds influence transmitter effects? (4) What attributes of devices influence their effects? (5) Are effects partially a consequence of capture and restraint? 3. We found a significant negative effect of devices on birds, both overall and for 8 of the 12 specific aspects analysed. The most substantial effects were that birds with devices had markedly increased energy expenditure and were much less likely to nest. 4. Effects were independent of attributes of the birds (sex, age, primary method of locomotion and body mass). We also found no evidence that proportionally heavier devices had greater effects, although researchers generally avoided using heavy devices. Breast-mounted and harness attachments increased device-induced behaviours such as preening, however, and the risk of device-induced mortality differed between attachment methods. 5. Other than foraging behaviours, no effects were a consequence of capture or restraint. 6.Synthesis and applications. We provide the first comprehensive evidence that transmitters and other devices negatively affect birds and may bias resulting data. Researchers should balance the benefits of using these techniques against potential costs to the birds and reliability of the data obtained.},
	keywords = {birds, conservation, methods, migration, sensors, transmitters},
	issn = {2041210X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00013.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00013.x},
	author = {Barron, Douglas G. and Brawn, Jeffrey D. and Weatherhead, Patrick J.}
}
@article {Chevin2010Adaptation,
	title = {Adaptation, Plasticity, and Extinction in a Changing Environment: Towards a Predictive Theory},
	journal = {PLoS Biol},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	month = {April},
	pages = {e1000357+},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {The authors analyze developmental, genetic, and demographic mechanisms by which populations tolerate changing environments and discuss empirical methods for determining the critical rate of sustained environmental change that causes population extinction.},
	keywords = {conservation, ecology, extinction, extirpation, population, theory},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1000357},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000357},
	author = {Chevin, Luis-Miguel and Lande, Russell and Mace, Georgina M.}
}
@article {Kenyeres2009Endemism,
	title = {Endemism hot spots, core areas and disjunctions in European Orthoptera},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia - Series B: Invertebrata},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June},
	pages = {189{\textendash}211},
	publisher = {Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences},
	abstract = {The paper overviews the endemism hot-spots of the European Orthoptera and reveals the paleogeographic processes which have shaped the recent faunal structures of the European Orthoptera fauna. Descriptions of seven endemism centres (the southern Balkan Peninsula and western Asia Minor; the Dinaric Mountains; the Alps; the Appenines; the Carpathian Mountains and the Carpathian Basin; the Iberian Peninsula; the Caucasian Mountains) are given. Significance of these areas is not only mirrored in the richness of endemic Orthoptera species but also in the postglacial expansion processes of the European Orthoptera fauna. The aims of the study were to summarize the literature data and hypotheses of the topic, and to discuss formation and evolution of endemism centres and endemic species of European Orthoptera.},
	keywords = {conservation, endemism, orthoptera, redlist},
	issn = {1895-3131},
	doi = {10.3409/azc.52b\_1-2.189-211},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/azc.52b\_1-2.189-211},
	author = {Kenyeres, Zoltan and Racz, Istvan A. and Varga, Zoltan}
}
