@book {1994Tropical,
	title = {Tropical Trees: The Potential for Domestication and the Rebuilding of Forest Resources},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {HMSO Books},
	organization = {HMSO Books},
	keywords = {conservation, restoration, tropical-ecology, tropics},
	isbn = {0117015628},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0117015628},
	author = {{-}},
	editor = {Leakey, R. R. B. and Newton, A. C.}
}
@article {Riach2004Ecosystem,
	title = {Ecosystem Approach to Rapid Health Assessments among Indigenous Cultures in Degraded Tropical Rainforest Environments: Case Study of Unexplained Deaths among the Secoya of Ecuador},
	journal = {EcoHealth},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {March},
	pages = {86{\textendash}100},
	abstract = {Large-scale economically-driven encroachments into tropical rainforest environments are major factors for disease emergence. A better understanding of the process of disease emergence can be best derived from a multilevel, transdisciplinary ecosystem approach that analyzes health data in its biological, ecological, social, and cultural context. Multiple methods, including ethnographic techniques, are recommended for such an approach. The value of this approach and methodology is presented in this article through a rapid health assessment case study of an unexplained fatal syndrome that occurred among the Secoya peoples of the Ecuadorian Amazon in 1999. This type of study is significant given the lack of health data for indigenous populations at risk of disease emergence. Moreover, indigenous cultures share a long-term, close relationship to the land and each other, which makes information about changes in their environment and health patterns highly salient to them. This local knowledge is of strategic value to researchers working on issues of environmental change and disease emergence.},
	keywords = {amazon, chernobyl, diseases, health, secoya, tropics},
	doi = {10.1007/s10393-004-0007-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-004-0007-8},
	author = {Riach, JamesR}
}
@article {Barlow2007Quantifying,
	title = {Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {104},
	number = {47},
	year = {2007},
	month = {November},
	pages = {18555{\textendash}18560},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0703333104 Biodiversity loss from deforestation may be partly offset by the expansion of secondary forests and plantation forestry in the tropics. However, our current knowledge of the value of these habitats for biodiversity conservation is limited to very few taxa, and many studies are severely confounded by methodological shortcomings. We examined the conservation value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests for 15 taxonomic groups using a robust and replicated sample design that minimized edge effects. Different taxa varied markedly in their response to patterns of land use in terms of species richness and the percentage of species restricted to primary forest (varying from 5\% to 57\%), yet almost all between-forest comparisons showed marked differences in community structure and composition. Cross-taxon congruence in response patterns was very weak when evaluated using abundance or species richness data, but much stronger when using metrics based upon community similarity. Our results show that, whereas the biodiversity indicator group concept may hold some validity for several taxa that are frequently sampled (such as birds and fruit-feeding butterflies), it fails for those exhibiting highly idiosyncratic responses to tropical land-use change (including highly vagile species groups such as bats and orchid bees), highlighting the problems associated with quantifying the biodiversity value of anthropogenic habitats. Finally, although we show that areas of native regeneration and exotic tree plantations can provide complementary conservation services, we also provide clear empirical evidence demonstrating the irreplaceable value of primary forests.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, course, monitoring, rainforest, tropi, tropical-ecology, tropics},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0703333104},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703333104},
	author = {Barlow, J. and Gardner, T. A. and Araujo, I. S. and {\'A}vila-Pires, T. C. and Bonaldo, A. B. and Costa, J. E. and Esposito, M. C. and Ferreira, L. V. and Hawes, J. and Hernandez, M. I. M. and Hoogmoed, M. S. and Leite, R. N. and Lo-Man-Hung, N. F. and Malcolm, J. R. and Martins, M. B. and Mestre, L. A. M. and Miranda-Santos, R. and Nunes-Gutjahr, A. L. and Overal, W. L. and Parry, L. and Peters, S. L. and Ribeiro-Junior, M. A. and da Silva, M. N. F. and da Silva Motta, C. and Peres, C. A.}
}
@article {Heckenberger2008PreColumbian,
	title = {Pre-Columbian Urbanism, Anthropogenic Landscapes, and the Future of the Amazon},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {321},
	number = {5893},
	year = {2008},
	month = {August},
	pages = {1214{\textendash}1217},
	abstract = {The archaeology of pre-Columbian polities in the Amazon River basin forces a reconsideration of early urbanism and long-term change in tropical forest landscapes. We describe settlement and land-use patterns of complex societies on the eve of European contact (after 1492) in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon. These societies were organized in articulated clusters, representing small independent polities, within a regional peer polity. These patterns constitute a "galactic" form of prehistoric urbanism, sharing features with small-scale urban polities in other areas. Understanding long-term change in coupled human-environment systems relating to these societies has implications for conservation and sustainable development, notably to control ecological degradation and maintain regional biodiversity. 10.1126/science.1159769},
	keywords = {amazonia, sustainability, tropics},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1159769},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1159769},
	author = {Heckenberger, M. J. and Russell, J. C. and Fausto, C. and Toney, J. R. and Schmidt, M. J. and Pereira, E. and Franchetto, B. and Kuikuro, A.}
}
@article {Franklin2009Tropical,
	title = {Tropical Mosquito Assemblages Demonstrate {\textquoteright}Textbook{\textquoteright} Annual Cycles},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {4},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {e8296+},
	keywords = {abundance, biodiversity, cycles, ecology, insects, mds, methods, ordination, tropics},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0008296},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008296},
	author = {Franklin, Donald C. and Whelan, Peter I.}
}
@article {Stickler2009Potential,
	title = {The potential ecological costs and cobenefits of REDD: a critical review and case study from the Amazon region},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	volume = {15},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {2803{\textendash}2824},
	address = {The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA; Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaznia, SHIN CA-5, Lote J2, Bloco J2, Brasilia-DF, CEP: 71503-505, Brazil; School of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Geograp},
	abstract = {The United Nations climate treaty may soon include a mechanism for compensating tropical nations that succeed in reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, source of nearly one fifth of global carbon emissions. We review the potential for this mechanism [reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)] to provoke ecological damages and promote ecological cobenefits. Nations could potentially participate in REDD by slowing clear-cutting of mature tropical forest, slowing or decreasing the impact of selective logging, promoting forest regeneration and restoration, and expanding tree plantations. REDD could also foster efforts to reduce the incidence of forest fire. Potential ecological costs include the accelerated loss (through displaced agricultural expansion) of low-biomass, high-conservation-value ecosystems, and substitution of low-biomass vegetation by monoculture tree plantations. These costs could be avoided through measures that protect low-biomass native ecosystems. Substantial ecological cobenefits should be conferred under most circumstances, and include the maintenance or restoration of (1) watershed functions, (2) local and regional climate regimes, (3) soils and biogeochemical processes, (4) water quality and aquatic habitat, and (5) terrestrial habitat. Some tools already being developed to monitor, report and verify (MRV) carbon emissions performance can also be used to measure other elements of ecosystem function, making development of MRV systems for ecological cobenefits a concrete possibility. Analysis of possible REDD program interventions in a large-scale Amazon landscape indicates that even modest flows of forest carbon funding can provide substantial cobenefits for aquatic ecosystems, but that the functional integrity of the landscape{\textquoteright}s myriad small watersheds would be best protected under a more even spatial distribution of forests. Because of its focus on an ecosystem service with global benefits, REDD could access a large pool of global stakeholders willing to pay to maintain carbon in forests, thereby providing a potential cascade of ecosystem services to local stakeholders who would otherwise be unable to afford them.},
	keywords = {amazon, biodiversity, co2, conservation, neotropics, redd, tropics},
	issn = {13541013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02109.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02109.x},
	author = {Stickler, Claudia M. and Nepstad, Daniel C. and Coe, Michael T. and McGRATH, David G. and Rodrigues, Hermann O. and Walker, Wayne S. and Soares-Filho, Britaldo S. and Davidson, Eric A.}
}
@article {Leidner2010Does,
	title = {Does Tropical Forest Fragmentation Increase Long-Term Variability of Butterfly Communities?},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {5},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {March},
	pages = {e9534+},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Yet, the overall effects of fragmentation on biodiversity may be obscured by differences in responses among species. These opposing responses to fragmentation may be manifest in higher variability in species richness and abundance (termed hyperdynamism), and in predictable changes in community composition. We tested whether forest fragmentation causes long-term hyperdynamism in butterfly communities, a taxon that naturally displays large variations in species richness and community composition. Using a dataset from an experimentally fragmented landscape in the central Amazon that spanned 11 years, we evaluated the effect of fragmentation on changes in species richness and community composition through time. Overall, adjusted species richness (adjusted for survey duration) did not differ between fragmented forest and intact forest. However, spatial and temporal variation of adjusted species richness was significantly higher in fragmented forests relative to intact forest. This variation was associated with changes in butterfly community composition, specifically lower proportions of understory shade species and higher proportions of edge species in fragmented forest. Analysis of rarefied species richness, estimated using indices of butterfly abundance, showed no differences between fragmented and intact forest plots in spatial or temporal variation. These results do not contradict the results from adjusted species richness, but rather suggest that higher variability in butterfly adjusted species richness may be explained by changes in butterfly abundance. Combined, these results indicate that butterfly communities in fragmented tropical forests are more variable than in intact forest, and that the natural variability of butterflies was not a buffer against the effects of fragmentation on community dynamics.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, butterflies, communities, fragmentation, insects, tropics},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009534},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009534},
	author = {Leidner, Allison K. and Haddad, Nick M. and Lovejoy, Thomas E.}
}
