02053nas a2200229   4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260001200190520135800202653001401560653002001574653002401594653001301618653001301631100002101644700002401665700002601689700002001715700001901735700002301754856004601777       2010                        eng d00aTracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest animal migration0 aTracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest anima  cJanuary3 a10.1073/pnas.0909493107 The study of long-distance migration provides insights into the habits and performance of organisms at the limit of their physical abilities. The Arctic tern is the epitome of such behavior; despite its small size (<125 g), banding recoveries and at-sea surveys suggest that its annual migration from boreal and high Arctic breeding grounds to the Southern Ocean may be the longest seasonal movement of any animal. Our tracking of 11 Arctic terns fitted with miniature (1.4-g) geolocators revealed that these birds do indeed travel huge distances (more than 80,000 km annually for some individuals). As well as confirming the location of the main wintering region, we also identified a previously unknown oceanic stopover area in the North Atlantic used by birds from at least two breeding populations (from Greenland and Iceland). Although birds from the same colony took one of two alternative southbound migration routes following the African or South American coast, all returned on a broadly similar, sigmoidal trajectory, crossing from east to west in the Atlantic in the region of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone. Arctic terns clearly target regions of high marine productivity both as stopover and wintering areas, and exploit prevailing global wind systems to reduce flight costs on long-distance commutes.10amigration10amigratory-birds10asatellite-telemetry10aseabirds10atracking1 aEgevang, Carsten1 aStenhouse, Iain, J.1 aPhillips, Richard, A.1 aPetersen, Aevar1 aFox, James, W.1 aSilk, Janet, R. D.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.090949310702910nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245015500055210006900210260003300279300001400312520212400326653001202450653001502462653001302477653001002490653001002500653001102510653001302521653001302534100001902547700002002566700001502586856005502601       2003                        eng d  a0021-890100aAn ecosystem-based approach to management: using individual behaviour to predict the indirect effects of Antarctic krill fisheries on penguin foraging0 aecosystembased approach to management using individual behaviour  bBlackwell PublishingcAugust  a692–7023 aSummary &\#149; Changes in species&\#146; abundance and distributions caused by human disturbances can have indirect effects on other species in a community. Although ecosystem approaches to management are becoming increasingly prevalent, they require a fuller understanding of how individual behaviour determines interactions within and between species. &\#149; Ecological interactions involving krill are of major importance to many species within the Antarctic. Despite extensive knowledge of the ecosystem that they occupy, there is still incomplete understanding of the links between species and the effect of environmental conditions on these interactions. In this study, we extended a behavioural model used previously to understand the interactions between penguins and krill to determine the indirect effect of krill fisheries on penguin foraging success and behaviour in adjacent breeding sites. &\#149; Increased fishing pressure offshore is predicted to reduce penguin food intake. Given the documented links between krill and penguins, this also leads to a prediction of decreased penguin survival and reproduction. Krill behaviour is predicted to cause stronger effects of krill fisheries than explained solely by the percentage of biomass removed. Environmental conditions that decrease krill growth rates or cause krill to spend time in deeper water are also predicted to increase the magnitude of the effect of fishing on penguin success. We show that changes in penguin foraging behaviour can be used to assess the impact of local fisheries on penguin reproductive success. &\#149; Synthesis and applications. These results demonstrate that an understanding of predator&\#150;prey interactions, indirect effects between species, and individual behaviour is imperative to our ability to manage populations. We describe a general method to use what is known about ecological and evolutionary processes with species-specific information to predict the response of organisms to novel situations. We further show how individual behaviour can be used to assess the impact of human disturbance on ecosystems.10aecology10aecosystems10aforaging10agroms10akrill10amarine10apenguins10aseabirds1 aAlonzo, S., H.1 aSwitzer, P., V.1 aMangel, M.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00830.x00702nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001100230300001400241490000700255653001400262653001000276653000800286653001400294653001300308653001500321653001300336100002000349700001800369700001800387856005500405       2003                        eng d  a0021-890100aSimulating the distribution of southern Buller's albatross using an individual-based population model0 aSimulating the distribution of southern Bullers albatross using   cAugust  a678–6910 v4010aalbatross10abirds10agis10amigration10aseabirds10asimulation10atracking1 aBroekhuizen, N.1 aStahl, J., C.1 aSagar, P., M.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00834.x