02778nas a2200205   4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260004000245300001100285490000600296520210600302653001402408653001202422653001302434653001002447100002202457700001802479700002402497856005102521       2010                        eng d00aMultiple Origins of Elytral Reticulation Modifications in the West Palearctic Agabus bipustulatus Complex (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)0 aMultiple Origins of Elytral Reticulation Modifications in the We  bPublic Library of SciencecFebruary  ae9034+0 v53 aThe Agabus bipustulatus complex includes one of Europe's most widely distributed and common diving beetles. This complex, which is known for its large morphological variation, has a complex demographic and altitudinal variation in elytral reticulation. The various depth of the reticulation imprint, both in smaller and larger meshes, results in both mat and shiny individuals, as well as intermediate forms. The West Palearctic lowland is inhabited by a sexually dimorphic form, with shiny males and mat females. In mountain regions, shiny individuals of both sexes are found intermixed with mat individuals or in pure populations in central and southern areas, whereas pure populations of mat individuals are exclusively found in the northern region at high altitude. Sexual selection is proposed as a driving force in shaping this variation. However, the occurrence of different types of reticulation in both sexes and disjunct geographical distribution patterns suggest an additional function of the reticulation. Here we investigate the phylogeographical history, genetic structure and reticulation variation of several named forms within the Agabus bipustulatus complex including A. nevadensis . The molecular analyses recognised several well-supported clades within the complex. Several of the named forms had two or more independent origins. Few south European populations were uniform in reticulation patterns, and the males were found to display large variation. Reticulation diversity and population genetic variability were clearly correlated to altitude, but no genetic differences were detected among populations with mixed or homogenous forms. Observed reduction in secondary reticulation in female and increased variance in male at high altitude in South Europe may be explained by the occurrence of an additional selective force, beside sexual selection. The combined effect of these selective processes is here demonstrated in an extreme case to generate isolation barriers between populations at high altitudes. Here we discuss this selective force in relation to thermal selection.10aevolution10ainsects10avenation10awings1 aDrotz, Marcus, K.1 aBrodin, Tomas1 aNilsson, Anders, N.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.000903401580nas a2200169   4500008004600000245011900046210006900165520101700234653001301251653001101264653001501275653001701290653001001307100002401317700002401341856004501365       Submitted                   eng d     00aFlight behaviour attenuates the trade-off between flight capability and reproduction in a wing polymorphic cricket0 aFlight behaviour attenuates the tradeoff between flight capabili3 aFlight-dimorphic insects have been used extensively to study trade-offs between energetically costly traits. Individuals may develop and maintain structures required for flight, or alternatively they may invest in reproduction. Previous experiments have not examined whether flight itself might affect investment into reproduction. As in other Gryllus species, flight-capable individuals of the wing polymorphic cricket, Gryllus texensis, incur an apparent reproductive penalty for being able to fly, expressed as smaller ovaries in females and lower courtship propensity in males, than their flight-incapable counterparts. We find that a short bout of flight eliminates the trade-off. Two days after the flight, the ovaries of flight-capable females were comparable with those of short-winged females. Similarly, flight markedly increased the probability of courtship behaviour. Our results suggest that the impact of the flight–reproduction trade-off described in earlier studies may have been overestimated.10acrickets10aflight10aorthoptera10apolymorphism10awings1 aGuerra, Patrick, A.1 aPollack, Gerald, S.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0570