@article {Mandelik2007Reliability,
	title = {Reliability of a Higher-Taxon Approach to Richness, Rarity, and Composition Assessments at the Local Scale},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {21},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1506{\textendash}1515},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	abstract = {A promising shortcut for quantifying species patterns is to use genera and families as surrogates of species. At large spatial scales, concurrence between patterns of richness, rarity, and composition of species and higher taxa is generally high. Only a few researchers, however, have examined this relationship at the local scale, which is frequently the relevant scale in land-use conflicts. We investigated the reliability of the higher-taxon approach in assessing patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition at the local scale. We studied diversity patterns of three commonly used surrogate taxa: vascular plants, ground-dwelling beetles, and moths. We conducted year-round field surveys for these taxa in the Jerusalem Mountains and the Judean foothills, Israel. Richness and composition of species were highly correlated with richness and composition of genera for all taxa. At the family level, correlations with richness and composition of species were much lower. Excluding monotypic genera and families did not affect these relations. Rarity representation based on higher taxa varied considerably depending on the taxon, and rarity scale and was weaker compared with richness and composition representation. Cumulative richness curves of species and genera showed similar patterns, leveling off at equivalent sampling efforts. Genus-level assessments were a reliable surrogate for local patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition, but family-level assessments performed poorly. The advantage of using coarse taxonomic scales in local diversity surveys is that it may decrease identification time and the need for experts, but it will not reduce sampling effort.},
	keywords = {assessment, conservation, monitoring},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00823.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00823.x},
	author = {Mandelik, Y. A. E. L. and Dayan, Tamar and Chikatunov, Vladimir and Kravchenko, Vasiliy}
}
@article {PalaciosVargas2007Litter,
	title = {Litter and soil arthropods diversity and density in a tropical dry forest ecosystem in Western Mexico},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	volume = {16},
	number = {13},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December},
	pages = {3703{\textendash}3717},
	abstract = {Abstract\&nbsp;\&nbsp;The composition and temporal changes of edaphic microarthropods in both litter layer and soil were analyzed in a tropical dry forest ecosystem in Western Mexico. Sampling was carried out from June 1991 to July 1992 in two small watersheds at the Chamela Biological Station (Jalisco State, Mexico). At each watershed 10 random cores samples, 11\&nbsp;cm in diameter and 5\&nbsp;cm depth, were taken monthly from each biotope from an area of 100\&nbsp;m2. Fauna was extracted by Berlese-Tullgren funnels and preserved in 75\% ethanol. The total abundance of arthropods was 96,338 specimens, belonging to 33 taxa. Numerically dominant groups were Prostigmata, Cryptostigmata, Collembola and Mesostigmata, which constituted 92.6\% of the total abundance. The effect of current monthly precipitation and temperature on density of total Arthropoda and different Orders was also investigated. Precipitation and temperature were significantly correlated with Collembola and Mesostigmata densities and also with total arthropod. The seasonal variation in the amount of litterfall was also significantly related to the abundance of arthropod in the litter layer biotope.},
	keywords = {arthropods, dry, forest, litter, monitoring, sampling},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-006-9109-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9109-7},
	author = {Palacios-Vargas, J. G. and Casta{\~n}o-Meneses, G. and G{\'o}mez-Anaya, J. A. and Mart\'{\i}nez-Yrizar, A. and Mej\'{\i}a-Recamier, B. E. and Mart\'{\i}nez-S{\'a}nchez, J.}
}
@article {Sachs2009Biodiversity,
	title = {Biodiversity Conservation and the Millennium Development Goals},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {325},
	number = {5947},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1502{\textendash}1503},
	abstract = {10.1126/science.1175035},
	keywords = {biodiversity, course, inventory, monitoring, science-policy},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1175035},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175035},
	author = {Sachs, Jeffrey D. and Baillie, Jonathan E. M. and Sutherland, William J. and Armsworth, Paul R. and Ash, Neville and Beddington, John and Blackburn, Tim M. and Collen, Ben and Gardiner, Barry and Gaston, Kevin J. and Godfray and Green, Rhys E. and Harvey, Paul H. and House, Brett and Knapp, Sandra and Kumpel, Noelle F. and Macdonald, David W. and Mace, Georgina M. and Mallet, James and Matthews, Adam and May, Robert M. and Petchey, Owen and Purvis, Andy and Roe, Dilys and Safi, Kamran and Turner, Kerry and Walpole, Matt and Watson, Robert and Jones, Kate E.}
}
@article {Mooney2009Biodiversity,
	title = {Biodiversity Policy Challenges},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {325},
	number = {5947},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1474+},
	abstract = {10.1126/science.1180935},
	keywords = {2010, biodiversity, course, monitoring},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1180935},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1180935},
	author = {Mooney, Harold and Mace, Georgina}
}
@article {Swiston2009Comparison,
	title = {Comparison of manual and automated methods for identifying target sounds in audio recordings of Pileated, Pale-billed, and putative Ivory-billed woodpeckers},
	journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {March},
	pages = {42{\textendash}50},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	keywords = {asr, bioacoustics, biodiversity, birds, monitoring},
	issn = {02738570},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00204.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00204.x},
	author = {Swiston, Kyle A. and Mennill, Daniel J.}
}
@article {Bardeli2009Detecting,
	title = {Detecting bird sounds in a complex acoustic environment and application to bioacoustic monitoring},
	journal = {Pattern Recognition Letters},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	abstract = {Trends in bird population sizes are an important indicator in nature conservation but measuring such sizes is a very difficult, labour intensive process. Enormous progress in audio signal processing and pattern recognition in recent years makes it possible to incorporate automated methods into the detection of bird vocalisations. These methods can be employed to support the census of population sizes. We report about a study testing the feasibility of bird monitoring supported by automatic bird song detection. In particular, we describe novel algorithms for the detection of the vocalisations of two endangered bird species and show how these can be used in automatic habitat mapping. These methods are based on detecting temporal patterns in a given frequency band typical for the species. Special effort is put into the suppression of the noise present in real-world audio scenes. Our results show that even in real-world recording conditions high recognition rates with a tolerable rate of false positive detections are possible.},
	keywords = {asr, bioacoustics, birds, monitoring, neuroinofrmatics},
	issn = {01678655},
	doi = {10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.014},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.014},
	author = {Bardeli, R. and Wolff, D. and Kurth, F. and Koch, M. and Tauchert, K. H. and Frommolt, K. H.}
}
@article {Forrest1988Using,
	title = {Using Insect Sounds to Estimate and Monitor Their Populations},
	journal = {The Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {71},
	number = {4},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {416{\textendash}426},
	publisher = {Florida Entomological Society},
	keywords = {bioacoustics, biodiversity, insects, monitoring},
	issn = {00154040},
	doi = {10.2307/3495001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495001},
	author = {Forrest, T. G.}
}
@article {Hobson2009Method,
	title = {A Method for Investigating Population Declines of Migratory Birds Using Stable Isotopes: Origins of Harvested Lesser Scaup in North America},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {4},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	month = {November},
	pages = {e7915+},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Elucidating geographic locations from where migratory birds are recruited into adult breeding populations is a fundamental but largely elusive goal in conservation biology. This is especially true for species that breed in remote northern areas where field-based demographic assessments are logistically challenging.},
	keywords = {gis, migration, migratory-birds, migratory-species, monitoring},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0007915},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007915},
	author = {Hobson, Keith A. and Wunder, Michael B. and Van Wilgenburg, Steven L. and Clark, Robert G. and Wassenaar, Leonard I.}
}
@article {Barlow2007Quantifying,
	title = {Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {104},
	number = {47},
	year = {2007},
	month = {November},
	pages = {18555{\textendash}18560},
	abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0703333104 Biodiversity loss from deforestation may be partly offset by the expansion of secondary forests and plantation forestry in the tropics. However, our current knowledge of the value of these habitats for biodiversity conservation is limited to very few taxa, and many studies are severely confounded by methodological shortcomings. We examined the conservation value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests for 15 taxonomic groups using a robust and replicated sample design that minimized edge effects. Different taxa varied markedly in their response to patterns of land use in terms of species richness and the percentage of species restricted to primary forest (varying from 5\% to 57\%), yet almost all between-forest comparisons showed marked differences in community structure and composition. Cross-taxon congruence in response patterns was very weak when evaluated using abundance or species richness data, but much stronger when using metrics based upon community similarity. Our results show that, whereas the biodiversity indicator group concept may hold some validity for several taxa that are frequently sampled (such as birds and fruit-feeding butterflies), it fails for those exhibiting highly idiosyncratic responses to tropical land-use change (including highly vagile species groups such as bats and orchid bees), highlighting the problems associated with quantifying the biodiversity value of anthropogenic habitats. Finally, although we show that areas of native regeneration and exotic tree plantations can provide complementary conservation services, we also provide clear empirical evidence demonstrating the irreplaceable value of primary forests.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, course, monitoring, rainforest, tropi, tropical-ecology, tropics},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0703333104},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703333104},
	author = {Barlow, J. and Gardner, T. A. and Araujo, I. S. and {\'A}vila-Pires, T. C. and Bonaldo, A. B. and Costa, J. E. and Esposito, M. C. and Ferreira, L. V. and Hawes, J. and Hernandez, M. I. M. and Hoogmoed, M. S. and Leite, R. N. and Lo-Man-Hung, N. F. and Malcolm, J. R. and Martins, M. B. and Mestre, L. A. M. and Miranda-Santos, R. and Nunes-Gutjahr, A. L. and Overal, W. L. and Parry, L. and Peters, S. L. and Ribeiro-Junior, M. A. and da Silva, M. N. F. and da Silva Motta, C. and Peres, C. A.}
}
@article {Casper2009Guidelines,
	title = {Guidelines for the instrumentation of wild birds and mammals},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	volume = {78},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1477{\textendash}1483},
	keywords = {conservation, instrumentation, monitoring, newmethods, tagging},
	issn = {00033472},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.023},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.023},
	author = {Casper, Ruth M.}
}
@article {Sirovic2009Blue,
	title = {Blue and fin whale acoustic presence around Antarctica during 2003 and 2004},
	journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
	volume = {25},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January},
	pages = {125{\textendash}136},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	keywords = {bioacoustics, marine-mammals, monitoring, whales},
	issn = {08240469},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00239.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00239.x}
}
@article {Adi2010Acoustic,
	title = {Acoustic censusing using automatic vocalization classification and identity recognition},
	journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	volume = {127},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {874+},
	keywords = {asr, bioacoustics, birds, monitoring},
	issn = {00014966},
	doi = {10.1121/1.3273887},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3273887},
	author = {Adi, Kuntoro and Johnson, Michael T. and Osiejuk, Tomasz S.}
}
@article {CelisMurillo2009Using,
	title = {Using soundscape recordings to estimate bird species abundance, richness, and composition},
	journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {March},
	pages = {64{\textendash}78},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	keywords = {asr, bioaocustics, monitoring, soundscape},
	issn = {02738570},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00206.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00206.x},
	author = {Celis-Murillo, Antonio and Deppe, Jill L. and Allen, Michael F.}
}
@article {Haselmayer2000COMPARISON,
	title = {A COMPARISON OF POINT COUNTS AND SOUND RECORDING AS BIRD SURVEY METHODS IN AMAZONIAN SOUTHEAST PERU},
	journal = {The Condor},
	volume = {102},
	number = {4},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {887+},
	keywords = {america, bioacoustics, birds, monitoring, ornithology, south},
	issn = {0010-5422},
	doi = {10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102\%5B0887:ACOPCA\%5D2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102\%5B0887:ACOPCA\%5D2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Haselmayer, John and Quinn, James S.}
}
@article {Hutto2009Humans,
	title = {Humans versus autonomous recording units: a comparison of point-count results},
	journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
	volume = {80},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {387{\textendash}398},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	keywords = {amibio, arus, birds, censussing, monitoring},
	issn = {02738570},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00245.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00245.x},
	author = {Hutto, Richard L. and Stutzman, Ryan J.}
}
@article {Guttridge2010Novel,
	title = {Novel Acoustic Technology for Studying Free-Ranging Shark Social Behaviour by Recording Individuals{\textquoteright} Interactions},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {February},
	pages = {e9324+},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	abstract = {Group behaviours are widespread among fish but comparatively little is known about the interactions between free-ranging individuals and how these might change across different spatio-temporal scales. This is largely due to the difficulty of observing wild fish groups directly underwater over long enough time periods to quantify group structure and individual associations. Here we describe the use of a novel technology, an animal-borne acoustic proximity receiver that records close-spatial associations between free-ranging fish by detection of acoustic signals emitted from transmitters on other individuals. Validation trials, held within enclosures in the natural environment, on juvenile lemon sharks Negaprion brevirostris fitted with external receivers and transmitters, showed receivers logged interactions between individuals regularly when sharks were within 4 m (\~{}4 body lengths) of each other, but rarely when at 10 m distance. A field trial lasting 17 days with 5 juvenile lemon sharks implanted with proximity receivers showed one receiver successfully recorded association data, demonstrating this shark associated with 9 other juvenile lemon sharks on 128 occasions. This study describes the use of acoustic underwater proximity receivers to quantify interactions among wild sharks, setting the scene for new advances in understanding the social behaviours of marine animals.},
	keywords = {bioacoustics, monitoring, peer-to-peer},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009324},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009324},
	author = {Guttridge, Tristan L. and Gruber, Samuel H. and Krause, Jens and Sims, David W.}
}
@proceedings {Ferguson2004Extracting,
	title = {Extracting tactical information from acoustic signals},
	year = {2004},
	month = {December},
	pages = {149{\textendash}153},
	abstract = {Smart acoustic sensor systems can be deployed for the automatic detection, localization, classification and tracking of military activities, which are inherently noisy. Acoustic sensors are appealing because they are passive, affordable, robust. and compact. Also, the propagation of sound energy is not limited by obstacles, which block or obscure the clear line of sight that is required for the effective operation of electromagnetic systems. Methods, with examples, for extracting tactical information from acoustic signals emitted by moving sources (air and ground vehicles) are provided for both single sensor and multiple sensor configurations. The methods are based on processing either the narrowband or broadband spectral components of the source{\textquoteright}s acoustic signature. For example, the tactical information extracted by narrowband processing of single sensor data for a moving source is the source speed, slant range and time at the closest point of approach, as well as the source (or rest) frequency of the narrowband signal. For an array of sensors, the tactical information consists of estimates of a complete set of target motion parameters, which indicate the speed and trajectory of the source. Weapon firings generate acoustic impulses and supersonic projectiles generate acoustic shocks, which can be localized and classified using spatially distributed acoustic sensors. The methods developed for land-based acoustic surveillance using microphone data are also applied to hydrophone data for passive acoustic surveillance of the underwater environment.},
	keywords = {acoustics, asr, monitoring, sensors},
	doi = {10.1109/ISSNIP.2004.1417453},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSNIP.2004.1417453},
	author = {Ferguson, B. G. and Lo, K. W.}
}
@conference {Solomon2008Maritime,
	title = {Maritime acoustic detection of aircraft to increase flight safety and homeland security: an experimental study},
	booktitle = {Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense VII},
	volume = {6943},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {69430Z+},
	publisher = {SPIE},
	organization = {SPIE},
	abstract = {For several years ARL has studied acoustics to track vehicles, helicopters, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and others targets of interest. More recently these same acoustic sensors were placed on a simulated buoy in an attempt to detect and track aircraft over a large body of water. This report will investigate the advantages of using acoustic arrays to track air and water craft from a fixed floating platform as well as potential concerns associated with this technology. Continuous monitoring of aircraft overflight will increase situational awareness while persistent monitoring of commercial and military flight paths increases overall homeland security.},
	keywords = {acoustics, amibio, asr, monitoring},
	url = {http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal\&id=PSISDG00694300000169430Z000001\&idtype=cvips\&gifs=yes},
	author = {Solomon, Latasha and Sim, Leng and Tenney, Stephen},
	editor = {Carapezza, Edward M.}
}
@article {CampbellEfficiency,
	title = {Efficiency of Malaise traps and colored pan traps for collecting flower visiting insects from three forested ecosystems},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {Submitted},
	pages = {399{\textendash}408},
	keywords = {attraction, biodiversity, insects, light, methods, monitoring, pan, sampling},
	issn = {1366-638X},
	doi = {10.1007/s10841-006-9055-4},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-006-9055-4},
	author = {Campbell, Joshua W. and Hanula, J. L.}
}
@article {Spitzer2009Longterm,
	title = {Long-term monitoring of moth populations (Lepidoptera) associated with a natural wetland forest: synthesis after 25 years},
	journal = {Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {155{\textendash}163},
	publisher = {BRILL},
	abstract = {Temporal variability of moth abundance was monitored for 28 years (1981-2008) by nightly light trap samples during the growing season in native habitat in the \&\#268;erni\&\#353; alder carr (open forested wetland) in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. The results of this long-term inventory are summarized and discussed. The wetland moth community was analysed for species richness and population dynamics (temporal variability of abundance were measured by a coefficient of variation - CV) and evaluated against select ecological parameters. Moth population variability (year to year fluctuation), which is highly species-specific, is a result of complex interactions between bionomic strategies (correlates of \&\#8220;r-K continuum\&\#8221;) and habitat characteristics. High bioindicator and conservation values are characteristic of moths with low values of coefficient of variation associated with vegetation units close to edaphic \&\#8220;climax\&\#8221; in the alder carr wetland. The local and regional dynamics of all moth populations associated with the natural wetland (alder carr) were investigated, and the data obtained are critical for predicting patterns of biodiversity.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, light-traps, longterm, monitoring},
	issn = {1874-9828},
	doi = {10.1163/187498308X414751},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498308X414751},
	author = {Spitzer, Karel and Jaros, Josef}
}
@article {Canary2008Principles,
	title = {Principles and Influence in Codes of Ethics: A Centering Resonance Analysis Comparing Pre- and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Codes of Ethics},
	journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
	volume = {80},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {263{\textendash}278},
	abstract = {Abstract\&nbsp;\&nbsp;Halting the loss of biodiversity comes along with the need to quantify biodiversity composition and dynamics at large spatial and temporal scales. Highly standardized, international monitoring networks would be ideal, but they do not exist yet. If we are to assess changes in biodiversity now, combining output available from ongoing monitoring initiatives is the only option. However, integration of biodiversity information across schemes is still very poorly developed. In this paper, we outline practical issues to be considered when planning to combine existing monitoring information. First, we provide an overview of avenues for integration along the four dimensions that characterize a monitoring design: sample size, biological coverage, spatial coverage and temporal coverage. We also emphasize that complementarity in monitoring targets across schemes enables to describe complex processes of biodiversity dynamics, e.g. through relating species traits to the impacts of environmental changes. Second, we review some methods to overcome differences in designs among monitoring schemes, such as site selection, post-stratification and measurement error. Finally, we point out some commonly used statistical methods that are at hand for combining data or parameter estimates. We especially emphasize the possible levels of data integration (raw data, parameter estimates, or effect size estimates), and the largely under-exploited potential of meta-analysis methods and weighted analyses. This contribution aims to bolster the practice and use of integration of ongoing monitoring initiatives for biodiversity assessment.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, data-integration, monitoring, review},
	issn = {0167-4544},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-008-9417-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9417-1},
	author = {Canary, Heather E. and Jennings, Marianne M.}
}
@article {Schmeller08:volunteers,
	title = {Advantages of Volunteer-Based Biodiversity Monitoring in Europe},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {307{\textendash}316},
	address = {Station d{\textquoteright}Ecologie Exprimentale du CNRS Moulis, 09200 Saint Girons, France; UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation Biology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; UMR 5173 \& UMR 7179 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Musum National},
	abstract = {Without robust and unbiased systems for monitoring, changes in natural systems will remain enigmatic for policy makers, leaving them without a clear idea of the consequences of any environmental policies they might adopt. Generally, biodiversity-monitoring activities are not integrated or evaluated across any large geographic region. The EuMon project conducted the first large-scale evaluation of monitoring practices in Europe through an on-line questionnaire and is reporting on the results of this survey. In September 2007 the EuMon project had documented 395 monitoring schemes for species, which represents a total annual cost of about 20AC4 million, involving more than 46,000 persons devoting over 148,000 person-days/year to biodiversity-monitoring activities. Here we focused on the analysis of variations of monitoring practices across a set of taxonomic groups (birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, butterflies, plants, and other insects) and across 5 European countries (France, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, and Poland). Our results suggest that the overall sampling effort of a scheme is linked with the proportion of volunteers involved in that scheme. Because precision is a function of the number of monitored sites and the number of sites is maximized by volunteer involvement, our results do not support the common belief that volunteer-based schemes are too noisy to be informative. Just the opposite, we believe volunteer-based schemes provide relatively reliable data, with state-of-the-art survey designs or data-analysis methods, and consequently can yield unbiased results. Quality of data collected by volunteers is more likely determined by survey design, analytical methodology, and communication skills within the schemes rather than by volunteer involvement per se. Sin sistemas de monitoreo robustos y objetivos, los cambios en los sistemas naturales seguir{\'a}n siendo un enigma para los pol\'{\i}ticos, ya que no tendr{\'a}n una idea clara de las consecuencias de las pol\'{\i}ticas ambientales que puedan adoptar. Generalmente, las actividades de monitoreo de la biodiversidad no est{\'a}n integradas o evaluadas en ninguna regi{\'o}n geogr{\'a}fica extensa. El proyecto EuMon llev{\'o} a cabo la primera evaluaci{\'o}n a gran escala de las pr{\'a}cticas de monitoreo en Europa por medio de un cuestionario en l\'{\i}nea y presenta los resultados de este muestreo. En septiembre 2007, el proyecto EuMon hab\'{\i}a documentado 395 esquemas de monitoreo de especies, lo que representa un costo anual total de casi 20AC4 millones, y la participaci{\'o}n de m{\'a}s de 46,000 personas que dedican m{\'a}s de 148,000 personas d\'{\i}as/a{\~n}o en actividades de monitoreo de la biodiversidad. Aqu\'{\i}, nos centramos en el an{\'a}lisis de variaciones en las pr{\'a}cticas de monitoreo de un conjunto de grupos taxon{\'o}micos (aves, anfibios y reptiles, mam\'{\i}feros, mariposas, plantas y otros insectos) en cinco pa\'{\i}ses europeos (Francia, Alemania, Hungr\'{\i}a, Lituania y Polonia). Nuestros resultados sugieren que el esfuerzo de muestreo total de un esquema est{\'a} vinculado con la proporci{\'o}n de voluntarios que participan en el ese esquema. Debido a que la precisi{\'o}n es una funci{\'o}n del n{\'u}mero de sitios monitoreados y el n{\'u}mero de sitios es maximizado por la participaci{\'o}n de voluntarios, nuestros resultados no soportan la creencia popular de que los esquemas basados en voluntarios tienen demasiado ruido para ser informativos. Al contrario, consideramos que los esquemas basados en voluntarios proporcionan datos confiables, con dise{\~n}os de muestreo o m{\'e}todos de an{\'a}lisis de datos de vanguardia, y consecuentemente pueden proporcionar resultados objetivos. La calidad de los datos recolectados por voluntarios probablemente est{\'a} determinada por el dise{\~n}o del muestreo, la metodolog\'{\i}a anal\'{\i}tica y las habilidades de comunicaci{\'o}n de los esquemas y no por la participaci{\'o}n de voluntarios per se.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, citizen-based, monitoring, volunteers, web20},
	issn = {1523-1739},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01125.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01125.x},
	author = {Schmeller, Dirk S. and Pierre-Yves Henr, Y. and Romain Julliar, D. and Bernd Grube, R. and Jean Clober, T. and Frank Dzioc, K. and Szabolcs Lengye, L. and Piotr Nowick, I. and Eszter D{\'e}r, I. and Eduardas Budry, S. and Tiiu Kul, L. and Kadri Tal, I. and Bianca Bauc, H. and Josef Settel, E. and Chris van Swaa, Y. and Andrej Koble, R. and Valerija Babi, J. and Eva Papastergiado, U. and Klaus Henl, E.}
}
@article {Schmeller2008European,
	title = {European species and habitat monitoring: where are we now?},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	volume = {17},
	number = {14},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	pages = {3321{\textendash}3326},
	abstract = {Abstract\&nbsp;\&nbsp;Biodiversity now is considered a highly valuable material, providing manifold services of high importance for the well-being of humankind. However, biodiversity globally is rapidly diminishing and, despite efforts to halt the loss of biodiversity, positive effects are hardly visible. Biodiversity monitoring, the close observation of our natural environment, is imperative to determine the state and trend of organism populations and their habitats. Therefore, it has become a centrepiece of nature conservation across the globe. However, monitoring activities are not centrally coordinated, differ vastly in their monitoring targets, sampling designs, and human resource needs. This special issue on biodiversity and monitoring presents an overview of the current state of biodiversity monitoring in Europe, gives suggestions for the integration of monitoring data to improve the geographical and taxonomic coverage, deals with general methodological aspects of monitoring biodiversity across different geographic scales, the involvement of the public in monitoring activities, and provides some monitoring case studies. The special issue is aimed to provide recommendations and suggestions for more standardized monitoring approaches, and is mainly based on the findings of the EU-project EuMon.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, methods, monitoring},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-008-9514-1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9514-1},
	author = {Schmeller, Dirk}
}
@article {VanParijs2009Management,
	title = {Management and research applications of real-time and archival passive acoustic sensors over varying temporal and spatial scales},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {395},
	year = {2009},
	month = {December},
	pages = {21{\textendash}36},
	keywords = {amibio, bioacoustics, marine, monitoring, sensors, wireless},
	issn = {0171-8630},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08123},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08123},
	author = {Van Parijs, S. M. and Clark, C. W. and Sousa-Lima, R. S. and Parks, S. E. and Rankin, S. and Risch, D. and Van Opzeeland, I. C.}
}
@conference {Grosche2009ISpaTeCi,
	title = {The <i>SpaTeC</i> composite event language for spatio-temporal reasoning in mobile systems},
	booktitle = {DEBS {\textquoteright}09: Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1{\textendash}12},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {In mobile systems, the requirements on composite event detection are fundamentally different from those in distributed systems. Composite event detection must be driven not just by the time of occurrence of an event, but also by its location of occurrence; composite event detection, as applied in traditional distributed event-based systems, needs to be reassessed. In this paper, we motivate the need to support spatio-temporal relations between composite events in mobile systems and introduce SpaTeC , a composite event language that enables simultaneous matching of event occurrences over space and time. Composite event operators provide for coarse spatio-temporal reasoning. Spatial and temporal restrictions constrain composite event detection in space and time and provide a basis for event filtering and spatio-temporal routing. Time and location stamps use a guaranteed bounds model for location estimation and time synchronization. The semantics of SpaTeC event operators is defined within this framework.},
	keywords = {amibio, events, it, monitoring, wireless},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-665-6},
	doi = {10.1145/1619258.1619273},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1619258.1619273},
	author = {Grosche, Scarlet S. and Moody, Ken}
}
@article {Burtenshaw2004Acoustic,
	title = {Acoustic and satellite remote sensing of blue whale seasonality and habitat in the Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {Views of Ocean Processes from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Mission: Volume 2},
	volume = {51},
	number = {10-11},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {967{\textendash}986},
	abstract = {Northeast Pacific blue whales seasonally migrate, ranging from the waters off Central America to the Gulf of Alaska. Using acoustic and satellite remote sensing, we have continuously monitored the acoustic activity and habitat of blue whales during 1994-2000. Calling blue whales primarily aggregate off the coast of southern and central California in the late summer, coinciding with the timing of the peak euphausiid biomass, their preferred prey. The northward bloom of primary production along the coast and subsequent northbound movements of the blue whales are apparent in the satellite and acoustic records, respectively, with the calling blue whales moving north along the Oregon and Washington coasts to a secondary foraging area with high primary productivity off Vancouver Island in the late fall. El Nio conditions, indicated by elevated sea-surface temperature and depressed regional chlorophyll-a concentrations, are apparent in the satellite records, particularly in the Southern California Bight during 1997/1998. These conditions disrupt biological production and alter the presence of calling blue whales in primary feeding locations. Remote sensing using acoustics is well suited to characterizing the seasonal movements and relative abundance of the northeast Pacific blue whales, and remote sensing using satellites allows for monitoring their habitat. These technologies are invaluable because of their ability to provide continuous large-scale spatial and temporal coverage of the blue whale migration.},
	keywords = {acoustic-monitoring, migration, monitoring, rs, whales},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.020},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.020},
	author = {Burtenshaw, Jessica C. and Oleson, Erin M. and Hildebrand, John A. and Mcdonald, Mark A. and Andrew, Rex K. and Howe, Bruce M. and Mercer, James A.}
}
@article {Stuart2010Barometer,
	title = {The Barometer of Life},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {328},
	number = {5975},
	year = {2010},
	month = {April},
	pages = {177+},
	abstract = {10.1126/science.1188606},
	keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, iucn, monitoring, redlist},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1188606},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1188606},
	author = {Stuart, S. N. and Wilson, E. O. and McNeely, J. A. and Mittermeier, R. A. and Rodriguez, J. P.}
}
@article {ButlerCyberinfrastructure,
	title = {Cyberinfrastructure for the analysis of ecological acoustic sensor data: a use case study in grid deployment},
	journal = {Cluster Computing},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {Submitted},
	pages = {301{\textendash}310},
	keywords = {bioacoustics, monitoring, network, sensor},
	issn = {1386-7857},
	doi = {10.1007/s10586-007-0033-8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-007-0033-8},
	author = {Butler, Randy and Servilla, Mark and Gage, Stuart and Basney, Jim and Welch, Von and Baker, Bill and Fleury, Terry and Duda, Patrick and Gehrig, David and Bletzinger, Michael and Tao, Jing and Freemon, D. Michael}
}
@article {Efford2009Population,
	title = {Population density estimated from locations of individuals on a passive detector array},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {90},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	month = {October},
	pages = {2676{\textendash}2682},
	keywords = {bioacoustics, ecology, monitoring, populations},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	doi = {10.1890/08-1735.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-1735.1},
	author = {Efford, Murray G. and Dawson, Deanna K. and Borchers, David L.}
}
@article {Dennis2010Replicated,
	title = {Replicated sampling increases efficiency in monitoring biological populations},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {February},
	pages = {610{\textendash}620},
	keywords = {ecology, methods, monitoring, sampling},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	doi = {10.1890/08-1095.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-1095.1},
	author = {Dennis, Brian and Ponciano, Jos{\'e} M. and Taper, Mark L.}
}
